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1
Q

CHF

A

contractile function is reduced below normal by lifestyle; blood accumulates in heart, lungs, abs, lower extremeties

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2
Q

coronary artery disease

A

fatty plaques cause blockage and decreased blood flow to the heart

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3
Q

myocardial infarction

A

complete blockage of a coronary artery; heart cells die

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4
Q

cardiac arrhythmias

A

disturbances in the normal electrical activity of the conduction system

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5
Q

main pharmacologic effect of cardiac glycosides

A

increase contractile force of myocardial contraction

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6
Q

cardiac glycosides

A

inhibit Na/K adenosine triphosphate (sodium pump), causing more Na to remain inside myocardial cells; increases the force of contraction; decrease heart rate

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7
Q

hypokalemia

A

low potassium levels; can cause cardiac arrhythmias

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8
Q

hyperkalemia

A

high potassium levels

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9
Q

hypercalcemia

A

increased levels of calcium; can increase toxicity of cardiac glycosides

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10
Q

diuretic drugs are used to…

A

eliminate excess sodium and fluid retention

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11
Q

vasodilator drugs

A

relax and dilate blood vessels

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12
Q

drug of choice in acute and emergency ventricular arrhythmias

A

lidocaine

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13
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain due to coronary artery disease and myocardial ischemia

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14
Q

nitrates/nitrites

A

stimulate formation of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator

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15
Q

beta adrenergic blockers

A

stimulation of the heart increases heart rate, force of contraction and oxygen consumption; used to prevent angina

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16
Q

calcium antagonists

A

block influx of calcium into the heart and blood vessels to vasodilate and lower BP, cardiac work and oxygen demand; used to prevent angina

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17
Q

diuretic clinical indication

A

management of anuria, hypertension and edema of any cause including chronic CHF or renal disease

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18
Q

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

reduce the production of hydrogen ions to exchange for sodium ions so water stays with sodium ions

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19
Q

osmotic diuretics

A

enter the tubules but cannot be reabsorbed so water stays with the concentration of diuretic molecules

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20
Q

organic acids/loop diuretics

A

inhibit sodium and chloride ion exchange in the tubule loop of Henle

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21
Q

thiazide diuretics

A

inhibit sodium ion reabsorption by multiple mechanisms along the renal tubules

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22
Q

potassium-sparing diuretics

A

inhibit K+ exchange for Na+ in the distal renal tubules

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23
Q

leading cause of cardiovascular disease and mortality

A

hypertension

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24
Q

drug classes used to treat hypertension (5)

A
  1. diuretics
  2. sympatholytic drugs
  3. vasodilator drugs
  4. calcium antagonist drugs
  5. angiotension drugs
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25
vasodilator drugs
decrease the muscular tone and contractile function of blood vessels
26
calcium antagonists
block the influx of calcium into the heart and arterial blood vessels
27
ACEIs
inhibit formation of angiotensin(potent vasoconstrictor); decrease the release of aldosterone (water/Na retention)
28
angiotensin receptor blockers
produce vasodilation and decrease activity of aldosterone; block angiotensin receptors on blood vessels and adrenal cortex
29
anticoagulants
prevent/treat venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, atrial fibrillation
30
thrombolytic enzymes
management of acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, pulmonary embolism
31
coagulants
reduce incidence/severity of hemorrhage
32
heparins
anticoagulant that interferes with preformed clotting factors
33
coumarins
anticoagulant that prevents the synthesis of new clotting factors
34
aspirin and dipyridamole
anticoagulant that inhibits platelet aggregation
35
thrombolytic enzymes
anticoagulant that dissolve preformed clots by stimulating the synthesis of fibrinolysin
36
hypolipidemic drugs (3)
1. bile acid sequestrants 2. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors block cholesterol synthesis 3. alter lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
37
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
competition for liver enzymes, increases levels
38
bile acid sequestrants
bind fat soluble vitamins, drugs to reduce absorption
39
antiallergic drugs
inhibit effects of histamine by attaching to mast cell membranes; have no effect on histamine receptors
40
inflammatory mediators of respiratory tract (4)
1. histamine 2. ECF-A 3. prostaglandins/leukotrienes 4. SRS-A
41
sympathomimetics
bronchodilator that stimulates beta2 receptors
42
parasympatholytics
bronchodilator that blocks cholinergic receptors
43
mucolytics
intended to break apart and liquefy thick respiratory secretions to facilitate easier removal
44
treatment of ulcers (4)
1. reduce gastric acid secretion 2. reduce gastric acid irritation on mucosal lining 3. protective barrier/coat mucosal lining 4. antibiotics
45
prostaglandins
mediate bicarbonate production and mucus secretion
46
GERD
gastric stimulants that induce contractions within the upper GI tract
47
vomiting mechanism
CNS stimulation of chemoreceptor trigger zone and vomiting center
48
antiemetics
drugs that block vomiting
49
antidiarrheal drugs (3)
1. adsorbents 2. anticholinergics 3. opiates/narcotic derivatives
50
glucocorticoid indication (2)
1. Addison's disease | 2. inflammation
51
mineralcorticoid indication
replacement therapy in adrenalectomy/adrenal tumors
52
glucocorticoids
regulate the metabolism of carbs and proteins
53
mineralcorticoids
regulate fluid balance by promoting potassium ion exchange for sodium ions in renal tubules
54
thyroid hormones
replacement/supplement in HYPOthyroidism
55
TSH
secreted in anterior piruitary gland in response to changes in blood levels of thyroid hormones
56
antithyroid drugs
accumulate within the thyroid and destroy overactive tissue or inhibit the incorporation of iodine for production of thyroid hormones
57
osteoporosis
decreased bone mass and mineral deposition; increased bone resorption
58
Paget's disease
hyperactive bone metabolism; fragile bone and microfractures
59
insulin
mobilized glucose into skeletal, heart, fat cells; promotes storage of fat and protein
60
glucagon
stimulates glycogenolysis; mobilized glucose into circulation
61
treatment of diabetes (4)
1. insulins 2. oral sulfonylureas 3. glucose absorption inhibitors 4. antihyperglycemic drugs
62
oral sylfonylureas
type II DM; enter beta cells and cause insulin release
63
glucose absorption inhibitors
interfere with dietary carb digestion
64
antihyperglycemic drugs
decrease liver glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption
65
cocci
spherical bacteria
66
bacilli
rod-like bacteria
67
spirilla
curved and rod-like bacteria
68
gram positive
bacteria that take up red stain
69
gram negative
bacteria that take up blue/purple stain
70
bactericidal drugs
kill the bacteria
71
bacteriostatic drugs
inhibit growth of bacteria
72
1st gen penicillin
narrow spectrum and gram-positive infection
73
2nd gen penicillin
most common gram+ and gram- bacterial infections
74
3rd/4th gen penicillin
broad spectrum and gram negative
75
cephalosporins
bacteriocidal drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis
76
1st gen cephalosporins
most gram+ an gram-
77
2nd/3rd/4th cephalosporins
gram-
78
aminoglycosides
bacteriocidal drugs that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis; gram-
79
tetracyclines
bacteriostatic drugs that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
80
sulfonamides
bacteriostatic drugs that inhibit bacterial folic acid synthesis; UTIs
81
fungicidal
capable of killing fungi
82
fungistatic
limit growth of active fungi
83
alkylator drugs
irreversibly bind to DNA and interfere with cell replication and synthesis of essential cell proteins and metabolites
84
antimetabolite drugs
inhibit the synthesis of folic acid, purines, and pyrimidines needed to synthesize DNA

Pharm 401 (10 decks)

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