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Pharm 401 > lecture > Flashcards

lecture Flashcards

1
Q

CHF

A

contractile function is reduced below normal by lifestyle; blood accumulates in heart, lungs, abs, lower extremeties

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2
Q

coronary artery disease

A

fatty plaques cause blockage and decreased blood flow to the heart

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3
Q

myocardial infarction

A

complete blockage of a coronary artery; heart cells die

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4
Q

cardiac arrhythmias

A

disturbances in the normal electrical activity of the conduction system

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5
Q

main pharmacologic effect of cardiac glycosides

A

increase contractile force of myocardial contraction

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6
Q

cardiac glycosides

A

inhibit Na/K adenosine triphosphate (sodium pump), causing more Na to remain inside myocardial cells; increases the force of contraction; decrease heart rate

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7
Q

hypokalemia

A

low potassium levels; can cause cardiac arrhythmias

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8
Q

hyperkalemia

A

high potassium levels

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9
Q

hypercalcemia

A

increased levels of calcium; can increase toxicity of cardiac glycosides

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10
Q

diuretic drugs are used to…

A

eliminate excess sodium and fluid retention

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11
Q

vasodilator drugs

A

relax and dilate blood vessels

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12
Q

drug of choice in acute and emergency ventricular arrhythmias

A

lidocaine

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13
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain due to coronary artery disease and myocardial ischemia

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14
Q

nitrates/nitrites

A

stimulate formation of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator

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15
Q

beta adrenergic blockers

A

stimulation of the heart increases heart rate, force of contraction and oxygen consumption; used to prevent angina

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16
Q

calcium antagonists

A

block influx of calcium into the heart and blood vessels to vasodilate and lower BP, cardiac work and oxygen demand; used to prevent angina

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17
Q

diuretic clinical indication

A

management of anuria, hypertension and edema of any cause including chronic CHF or renal disease

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18
Q

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

reduce the production of hydrogen ions to exchange for sodium ions so water stays with sodium ions

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19
Q

osmotic diuretics

A

enter the tubules but cannot be reabsorbed so water stays with the concentration of diuretic molecules

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20
Q

organic acids/loop diuretics

A

inhibit sodium and chloride ion exchange in the tubule loop of Henle

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21
Q

thiazide diuretics

A

inhibit sodium ion reabsorption by multiple mechanisms along the renal tubules

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22
Q

potassium-sparing diuretics

A

inhibit K+ exchange for Na+ in the distal renal tubules

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23
Q

leading cause of cardiovascular disease and mortality

A

hypertension

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24
Q

drug classes used to treat hypertension (5)

A
  1. diuretics
  2. sympatholytic drugs
  3. vasodilator drugs
  4. calcium antagonist drugs
  5. angiotension drugs
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25
Q

vasodilator drugs

A

decrease the muscular tone and contractile function of blood vessels

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26
Q

calcium antagonists

A

block the influx of calcium into the heart and arterial blood vessels

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27
Q

ACEIs

A

inhibit formation of angiotensin(potent vasoconstrictor); decrease the release of aldosterone (water/Na retention)

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28
Q

angiotensin receptor blockers

A

produce vasodilation and decrease activity of aldosterone; block angiotensin receptors on blood vessels and adrenal cortex

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29
Q

anticoagulants

A

prevent/treat venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, atrial fibrillation

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30
Q

thrombolytic enzymes

A

management of acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, pulmonary embolism

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31
Q

coagulants

A

reduce incidence/severity of hemorrhage

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32
Q

heparins

A

anticoagulant that interferes with preformed clotting factors

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33
Q

coumarins

A

anticoagulant that prevents the synthesis of new clotting factors

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34
Q

aspirin and dipyridamole

A

anticoagulant that inhibits platelet aggregation

35
Q

thrombolytic enzymes

A

anticoagulant that dissolve preformed clots by stimulating the synthesis of fibrinolysin

36
Q

hypolipidemic drugs (3)

A
  1. bile acid sequestrants
  2. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors block cholesterol synthesis
  3. alter lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
37
Q

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

A

competition for liver enzymes, increases levels

38
Q

bile acid sequestrants

A

bind fat soluble vitamins, drugs to reduce absorption

39
Q

antiallergic drugs

A

inhibit effects of histamine by attaching to mast cell membranes; have no effect on histamine receptors

40
Q

inflammatory mediators of respiratory tract (4)

A
  1. histamine
  2. ECF-A
  3. prostaglandins/leukotrienes
  4. SRS-A
41
Q

sympathomimetics

A

bronchodilator that stimulates beta2 receptors

42
Q

parasympatholytics

A

bronchodilator that blocks cholinergic receptors

43
Q

mucolytics

A

intended to break apart and liquefy thick respiratory secretions to facilitate easier removal

44
Q

treatment of ulcers (4)

A
  1. reduce gastric acid secretion
  2. reduce gastric acid irritation on mucosal lining
  3. protective barrier/coat mucosal lining
  4. antibiotics
45
Q

prostaglandins

A

mediate bicarbonate production and mucus secretion

46
Q

GERD

A

gastric stimulants that induce contractions within the upper GI tract

47
Q

vomiting mechanism

A

CNS stimulation of chemoreceptor trigger zone and vomiting center

48
Q

antiemetics

A

drugs that block vomiting

49
Q

antidiarrheal drugs (3)

A
  1. adsorbents
  2. anticholinergics
  3. opiates/narcotic derivatives
50
Q

glucocorticoid indication (2)

A
  1. Addison’s disease

2. inflammation

51
Q

mineralcorticoid indication

A

replacement therapy in adrenalectomy/adrenal tumors

52
Q

glucocorticoids

A

regulate the metabolism of carbs and proteins

53
Q

mineralcorticoids

A

regulate fluid balance by promoting potassium ion exchange for sodium ions in renal tubules

54
Q

thyroid hormones

A

replacement/supplement in HYPOthyroidism

55
Q

TSH

A

secreted in anterior piruitary gland in response to changes in blood levels of thyroid hormones

56
Q

antithyroid drugs

A

accumulate within the thyroid and destroy overactive tissue or inhibit the incorporation of iodine for production of thyroid hormones

57
Q

osteoporosis

A

decreased bone mass and mineral deposition; increased bone resorption

58
Q

Paget’s disease

A

hyperactive bone metabolism; fragile bone and microfractures

59
Q

insulin

A

mobilized glucose into skeletal, heart, fat cells; promotes storage of fat and protein

60
Q

glucagon

A

stimulates glycogenolysis; mobilized glucose into circulation

61
Q

treatment of diabetes (4)

A
  1. insulins
  2. oral sulfonylureas
  3. glucose absorption inhibitors
  4. antihyperglycemic drugs
62
Q

oral sylfonylureas

A

type II DM; enter beta cells and cause insulin release

63
Q

glucose absorption inhibitors

A

interfere with dietary carb digestion

64
Q

antihyperglycemic drugs

A

decrease liver glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption

65
Q

cocci

A

spherical bacteria

66
Q

bacilli

A

rod-like bacteria

67
Q

spirilla

A

curved and rod-like bacteria

68
Q

gram positive

A

bacteria that take up red stain

69
Q

gram negative

A

bacteria that take up blue/purple stain

70
Q

bactericidal drugs

A

kill the bacteria

71
Q

bacteriostatic drugs

A

inhibit growth of bacteria

72
Q

1st gen penicillin

A

narrow spectrum and gram-positive infection

73
Q

2nd gen penicillin

A

most common gram+ and gram- bacterial infections

74
Q

3rd/4th gen penicillin

A

broad spectrum and gram negative

75
Q

cephalosporins

A

bacteriocidal drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis

76
Q

1st gen cephalosporins

A

most gram+ an gram-

77
Q

2nd/3rd/4th cephalosporins

A

gram-

78
Q

aminoglycosides

A

bacteriocidal drugs that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis; gram-

79
Q

tetracyclines

A

bacteriostatic drugs that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

80
Q

sulfonamides

A

bacteriostatic drugs that inhibit bacterial folic acid synthesis; UTIs

81
Q

fungicidal

A

capable of killing fungi

82
Q

fungistatic

A

limit growth of active fungi

83
Q

alkylator drugs

A

irreversibly bind to DNA and interfere with cell replication and synthesis of essential cell proteins and metabolites

84
Q

antimetabolite drugs

A

inhibit the synthesis of folic acid, purines, and pyrimidines needed to synthesize DNA

Pharm 401 (10 decks)

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