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Pharm 401 > Master List > Flashcards

Master List Flashcards

1
Q

Adenosine

A

Decrease AV conduction and slow the heart rate; emergency situations; treat acute supraventricular tachycardia

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2
Q

Adenosine Mech.

A

Causes transient heart block in the AV node, reduses cAMP and hyperpolarizes the cell

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3
Q

Adenosine Admin.

A

Intravenously

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4
Q

Adenosine Adverse Effects

A

Chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, tingling, low blood pressure

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5
Q

Amiodarone

A

Class 3 antiarrhythmic drug used in ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation

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6
Q

Amiodarone Mech.

A

Increases the time before a heart cell can contract again

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7
Q

Amiodarone Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, intraosseous

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8
Q

Amiodarone Adverse Effects

A

Tiredness, tremor, nausea, constipation, lung toxicity, vision problems, thyroid problems, death

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9
Q

Amyl nitrite

A

To relieve acute attacks of angina

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10
Q

Amyl nitrite Mech.

A

Vasodilator

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11
Q

Amyl nitrite Admin.

A

Inhalation from a glass ampule

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12
Q

Amyl nitrite Adverse Effects

A

Headache, dizziness, flushing of the face, lightheadedness, involuntary urination or defecation, low BP, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, cold sweat, pale skin, rapid heart rate, restlessness

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13
Q

Digoxin

A

Cardiac glycoside

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14
Q

Digoxin Mech

A

Inhibit Na/K adenosene triphosphate, the “sodium pump”

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15
Q

Digoxin Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous

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16
Q

Digoxin Adverse Effects

A

Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, “halo effect” around lights, bradycardia, ectopic beats, cardiac arrhythmias

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17
Q

Diltiazem

A

Act on the heart and blood vessels to lower bloop pressium; used to treat angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmias

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18
Q

Diltiazem Mech.

A

Calcium antagonist; block the influx of calcium into the heart and arterial blood vessels

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19
Q

Diltiazem Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous

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20
Q

Diltiazem Adverse Effects

A

Swelling, dizziness, headaches, low BP, slow heart beat, heart failure, liver problems

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21
Q

Isosorbide dinitrate

A

Used prophylactivally to prevent angina pectoris

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22
Q

Isosorbide dinitrate Mech.

A

Dilation reduces preload

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23
Q

Isosorbide dinitrate Admin.

A

Oral 3-4 times/day

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24
Q

Isosorbide dinitrate Adverse Effects

A

Headache, lightheadedness with standing, blurred vision, low BP

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25
Q

Lidocaine

A

Local anesthetis; used to treat ventricular tachycardia and to perform nerve blocks

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26
Q

Lidocaine Mech.

A

Sodium channel blocker

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27
Q

Lidocaine Admin.

A

Intravenous, subcutaneous, topical, oral

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28
Q

Lidocaine Adverse Effects

A

Sleepiness, muscle twitching, confusion, changes in vision, numbness, tingling, vomiting, low blood pressure, irregular heart rate

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29
Q

Mexiletine

A

Antiarrythmic drug; used to treat chronic pain

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30
Q

Mexiletine Mech.

A

Voltage-gated sodium channel blocker

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31
Q

Mexiletine Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous

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32
Q

Mexiletine Adverse Effects

A

Dizziness, heartburn, nausea, nervousness, trembling, unsteadiness

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33
Q

Nifedipine

A

Treatment of Prinzmetal angina, high BP

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34
Q

Nifedipine Mech.

A

Calcium channel blocker

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35
Q

Nifedipine Admin.

A

Oral, topical

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36
Q

Nifedipine Adverse Effects

A

Lightheadedness, headache, tiredness, leg swelling, cough, shortness of breath, low BP, heart failure

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37
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

Used to relieve acute attacks of angina

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38
Q

Nitroglycerin Mech.

A

Dilates veins more than arteries, thereby reducing preload

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39
Q

Nitroglycerin Admin.

A

Sublingual tablets or intravenously (severe); ointment, transdermal patch

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40
Q

Nitroglycerin Adverse Effects

A

Headache, weakness, dizziness, lightheadedness, nausea, flushing

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41
Q

Procainamide

A

Antiarrhythmic drug

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42
Q

Procainamide Mech.

A

Sodium channel blocker of cardiomyocytes

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43
Q

Procainamide Admin.

A

Intravenous, intramuscular, oral

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44
Q

Procainamide Adverse Effects

A

Ventricular dysrhythmia, bradycardia, hypotension, shock

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45
Q

Propranolol

A

Class 2 antiarrhythmic drug

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46
Q

Propranolol Mech.

A

Blocks cardiac beta receptors to slow heart rate, AV conduction and prolong refractory period

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47
Q

Propranolol Admin.

A

Oral, rectal, intravenous

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48
Q

Propranolol Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, abdominal pain, constipation

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49
Q

Quinidine

A

Class 1 antiarrhythmic drugs; decrease excitability, slow conduction, prolong refractory period

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50
Q

Quinidine Mech.

A

Posess local anesthetic activity and block the influx of Na ions during depolarization; inhibitor of cytochrome P450

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51
Q

Quinidine Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, intramuscular junction

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52
Q

Quinidine Adverse Effects

A

Thrombocytopenia, granulomatous hepatitis, myasthenia gravis

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53
Q

Verapamil

A

Class 4 antiarrhythmic drug

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54
Q

Verapamil Mech.

A

Blocks calcium ions

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55
Q

Verapamil Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous

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56
Q

Verapamil Adverse Effects

A

Cardiac depression

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57
Q

Acetazolamide

A

Treatment of glaucoma, epilepsy, heart failure; carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

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58
Q

Acetazolamide Mech.

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; increases sodium and water excretion by inhibiting the enzyme carbonic anhydrase;

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59
Q

Acetazolamide Admin.

A

Oral

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60
Q

Acetazolamide Adverse Effects

A

Anorexia, drowsiness, GI distress, headache, metabolic acidosis

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61
Q

Amiloride

A

Used to restore potassium in hypokalemic patients; prevents hypokalemia; hypertension; adjunctive therapy with thiazide or loop diuretics in congestive heart

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62
Q

Amiloride Mech.

A

Potassium-sparing diuretic; adjunctive therapy with thiazide or loop diuretics in congestive heart failure

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63
Q

Amiloride Admin.

A

Oral

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64
Q

Amiloride Adverse Effects

A

Gynecomastia, hyperkalemia, nausea, vomiting

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65
Q

Atorvastatin

A

Treatment of primary hyperlipidemia and to slow the progression of atherosclerosis

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66
Q

Atorvastatin Mech.

A

HMG-CoA enzyme inhibitor type of hypolipidemic drugs

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67
Q

Atorvastatin Admin.

A

Oral

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68
Q

Atorvastatin Adverse Effects

A

Headache, dizziness, alteration od taste, insomnia, diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal cramping and photosensitivity

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69
Q

Bumetanide

A

Treatment of swelling and high blood pressure

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70
Q

Bumetanide Mech.

A

Organic acid/loop diuretic; inhibits sodium and chloride ion exchange in the loop of Henle

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71
Q

Bumetanide Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, intramuscular

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72
Q

Bumetanide Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, diarrhea, constipation, headache, anorexia, hypotension, dizzy, hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, elevated serum creatinine or urine nitrogen, neurotoxicity, deafness

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73
Q

Candesartan

A

Treatment of high blood pressure and congestive heart failure

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74
Q

Candesartan Mech.

A

Angiotensin receptor blocker

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75
Q

Candesartan Admin.

A

Oral

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76
Q

Candesartan Adverse Effects

A

Dizziness, tiredness, lightheadedness, runny nose, sore throat

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77
Q

Captopril

A

Treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure

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78
Q

Captopril Mech.

A

ACE Inhibitor

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79
Q

Captopril Admin.

A

Oral

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80
Q

Captopril Adverse Effects

A

Cough, angioedema, hyperkalemia, taste alteration, hypotension, acute renal failure

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81
Q

Chlorothiazide

A

Thiazide diuretic; treatment of edema with mild-moderate hypertension

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82
Q

Chlorothiazide Mech.

A

Inhibits sodium transport in the distal portion of the nephron, which causes a substantial loss of Na+ and water

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83
Q

Chlorothiazide Admin.

A

Oral

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84
Q

Chlorothiazide Adverse Effects

A

Dizziness, headache, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hypotension, lightheadedness, nausea

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85
Q

Chlorthalidone

A

Thiazide-like diuretic; treatment of edema with mild-moderate hypertension

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86
Q

Chlorthalidone Mech.

A

Inhibits sodium transport in the distal portion of the nephron, which causes a substantial loss of Na+ and water

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87
Q

Chlorthalidone Admin.

A

Oral

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88
Q

Chlorthalidone Adverse Effects

A

Dizziness, headache, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hypotension, lightheadedness, nausea

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89
Q

Cholestyramine

A

Bile acid sequestrate

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90
Q

Cholestyramine Mech.

A

Binds bile in the GI tract to prevent its reabsorption

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91
Q

Cholestyramine Admin.

A

Oral

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92
Q

Cholestyramine Adverse Effects

A

Constipation, intestinal obstruction

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93
Q

Colestipol

A

Bile acid sequestrate used to lower blood cholesterol, specifically LDL

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94
Q

Colestipol Mech.

A

Binds bile in the GI tract to prevent its reabsorption

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95
Q

Colestipol Admin.

A

Oral

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96
Q

Colestipol Adverse Effects

A

Constipation, intestinal obstruction

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97
Q

Diazoxide

A

Used in emergencies when a rapid reduction of blood pressure is essential

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98
Q

Diazoxide Mech.

A

Potent vasodilator with no diuretic activity

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99
Q

Diazoxide Admin.

A

Intravenously

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100
Q

Diazoxide Adverse Effects

A

fluid retention, tachycardia, hyperglycemia

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101
Q

Dicumarol

A

Treatment of deep venous thrombosis

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102
Q

Dicumarol Mech.

A

Anticoagulant drug that depletes stores of vitamin K

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103
Q

Dicumarol Admin.

A

Oral

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104
Q

Dicumarol Adverse Effects

A

Bleeding

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105
Q

Ezetimibe

A

Cholesterol absorption inhibitor that decreases VLDLs

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106
Q

Ezetimibe Mech.

A

Acts at the surface of the small intestine to block absorption of dietary cholesterol

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107
Q

Ezetimibe Admin.

A

Oral

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108
Q

Ezetimibe Adverse Effects

A

Abdominal pain, fatigue, coughing, diarrhea, back pain, arthralgia

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109
Q

Furosemide

A

Management of hypertension and acute pulmonary edema

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110
Q

Furosemide Mech.

A

Organic acid/loop diuretics; promote diuresis by inhibiting sodium and chloride ion transport in the loop of Henle, resulting in loss of sodium, chloride and water

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111
Q

Furosemide Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, intramuscular

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112
Q

Furosemide Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, diarrhea, constipation, headache, anorexia, hypotension, dizzy, hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, elevated serum creatinine or urine nitrogen, neurotoxicity, deafness

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113
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant drug

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114
Q

Heparin Mech.

A

Prevents thrombin formation by binding to circulating clotting factors

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115
Q

Heparin Admin.

A

Intravenously or subcutaneously

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116
Q

Heparin Adverse Effects

A

Hemorrhage

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117
Q

Hydralazine

A

Formation of nitric oxide; used in common with diuretics and beta blockers (triple therapy)

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118
Q

Hydralazine Mech.

A

Produces arterial vasodilation, decreased blood pressure and a reduction in after load

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119
Q

Hydralazine Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous

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120
Q

Hydralazine Adverse Effects

A

Headache, fast heart rate

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121
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

Treatment of edema with mild-moderate hypertension

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122
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide Mech.

A

Thiazide diuretic; inhibits sodium transport in the distal portion of the nephron, which causes a substantial loss of Na+ and water

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123
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide Admin.

A

Oral

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124
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide Adverse Effects

A

Dizziness, headache, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hypotension, lightheadedness, nausea

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125
Q

Lovastatin

A

Treatment of primary hyperlipidemia and to slow the progression of

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126
Q

Lovastatin Mech.

A

HMG-CoA enzyme inhibitor type of hypolipidemic drugs; acholesterol synthesis in the liver by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase

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127
Q

Lovastatin Admin.

A

Oral

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128
Q

Lovastatin Adverse Effects

A

Headache, dizziness, alteration of taste, insomnia, diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal cramping and photosensitivity

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129
Q

Mannitol

A

Acute renal failure or in cardiovascular surgeries in which renal function is severely compromised; reduces localized swelling, edema, and pressure

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130
Q

Mannitol Mech.

A

Osmotic/luminal diuretic

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131
Q

Mannitol Admin.

A

Intravenously

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132
Q

Mannitol Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, dizziness, headache, and chills

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133
Q

Minoxidil

A

Potent arteriolar dilator for patients who don’t respond to triple therapy

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134
Q

Minoxidil Mech.

A

Potassium channel opener; not fully understood

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135
Q

Minoxidil Admin.

A

Topical

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136
Q

Minoxidil Adverse Effects

A

Myocardial ischemia, pericardial effusion, hirsutism

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137
Q

Sodium nitroprusside

A

Potent vasodilator used in hypertensive emergencies

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138
Q

Sodium nitroprusside Mech.

A

Vasodilating effects in arterioles and venules as a result of its breakdown to nitric oxide

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139
Q

Sodium nitroprusside Admin.

A

Intravenous

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140
Q

Sodium nitroprusside Adverse Effects

A

Low BP, cyanide toxicity, methomoglobinemia

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141
Q

Spironolactone

A

Used to restore potassium in hypokalemic patients; prevents hypokalemia; edema; hypertension

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142
Q

Spironolactone Mech.

A

Potassium-sparing diuretic; adjunctive therapy with thiazide or loop diuretics in congestive heart failure

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143
Q

Spironolactone Admin.

A

Oral

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144
Q

Spironolactone Adverse Effects

A

Gynecomastia, hyperkalemia, nausea, vomiting

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145
Q

Triamterene

A

Used to restore potassium in hypokalemic patients; prevents hypokalemia; edema; hypertension

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146
Q

Triamterene Mech.

A

Potassium-sparing diuretic; adjunctive therapy with thiazide or loop diuretics in congestive heart failure

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147
Q

Triamterene Admin.

A

Oral

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148
Q

Triamterene Adverse Effects

A

Gynecomastia, hyperkalemia, nausea, vomiting

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149
Q

Acetylcysteine

A

Effective mucolytic that breaks apart the glycoproteins in bronchial secretions

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150
Q

Acetylcysteine Mech.

A

Produces a glutathione precursor L-cysteine

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151
Q

Acetylcysteine Admin.

A

Inhaled by nebulization; followed by postural drainage and tracheal suction; oral

152
Q

Acetylcysteine Adverse Effects

A

Red and itchy skin, anaphylaxis, vomiting, nausea

153
Q

Albuterol

A

Used to treat asthma and COPD

154
Q

Albuterol Mech.

A

Relaxing the smooth muscles of the airways; activated the beta1-adrenergic receptors

155
Q

Albuterol Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, inhalation

156
Q

Albuterol Adverse Effects

A

Shakiness, headache, fast heart rate, dizziness, anxiousness, bronchospasm, low blood potassium

157
Q

Chlorpheniramine/ Chlorphenamine

A

H1 antihistamine used in the prevention of allergic conditions; commonly used in veterinary practice

158
Q

Chlorpheniramine/ Chlorphenamine Mech.

A

Inverse agonist of the histamine H1 receptor

159
Q

Chlorpheniramine/ Chlorphenamine Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous

160
Q

Chlorpheniramine/ Chlorphenamine Adverse Effects

A

Drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, constipation, anxiety, nausea, blurred vision, restlessness, dry mouth, shallow breathing, hallucinations, tinnitus

161
Q

Cimetidine

A

Treatment of heartburn and peptic ulcers

162
Q

Cimetidine Mech.

A

H2 histamine antagonists that inhibits stomach acid production

163
Q

Cimetidine Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous infusion, intramuscular injection

164
Q

Cimetidine Adverse Effects

A

Headache, constipation, reversable mental confusion, disorientation in elderly, elevated serum liver enzymes

165
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

H1 antihistamine mainly used to treat allergies

166
Q

Diphenhydramine Mech.

A

Blocks certain effects of histamine

167
Q

Diphenhydramine Admin.

A

Intravenous, intramuscular injection

168
Q

Diphenhydramine Adverse Effects

A

Sleepiness, poor coordination, upset stomack

169
Q

Dronabinol

A

Appetite stimulant, antiemetic, sleep apnea reliever; approved for chemo induced nausea and vomiting only

170
Q

Dronabinol Mech.

A

Synthetic form of THC

171
Q

Dronabinol Admin.

A

Oral

172
Q

Epinephrine

A

Acute asthma and allergic reactions

173
Q

Epinephrine Mech.

A

Nonselective beta adrenergic drug that increases the formation of intracellular cAMP

174
Q

Epinephrine Admin.

A

Intramuscular

175
Q

Epinephrine Adverse Effects

A

Increased heartbeat, sweating, headache, weakness, paleness, anxiety, dizziness

176
Q

Loperamide

A

For irritable bowel syndrome; decrease the frequency of diarrhea

177
Q

Loperamide Mech.

A

Mu-opioid receptor agonist

178
Q

Loperamide Admin.

A

Oral

179
Q

Loperamide Adverse Effects

A

Abdominal pain, constipation, sleepiness, vomiting, dry mouth

180
Q

Loratadine (Claritin)

A

Allergy medication

181
Q

Loratadine (Claritin) Mech.

A

Selective inverse agonist of peripheral histamine H1 receptors

182
Q

Loratadine (Claritin) Admin.

A

Oral

183
Q

Loratadine (Claritin) Adverse Effects

A

Sleepiness, dry mouth, headache

184
Q

Misoprostol

A

Treat stomach ulcers and cause an abortion; inhibits the ulcerogenic effect of chronic high dose NSAIDs

185
Q

Misoprostol Mech.

A

Binds to prostaglandins

186
Q

Misoprostol Admin.

A

Mouth, vaginal, under the tongue

187
Q

Misoprostol Adverse Effects

A

Diarrhea, headache, nausea, flatulence

188
Q

Nedocromil

A

Best cell stabilizer, which helps with asthma; several weeks required for full effect

189
Q

Nedocromil Admin.

A

Inhalation, eye drops

190
Q

Nedocromil Adverse Effects

A

Headache, ocular burning, irritation, unpleasant taste, nasal congestion

191
Q

Omeprazole

A

Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux, peptic ulcer disease and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

192
Q

Omeprazole Mech.

A

Proton-pump inhibitor

193
Q

Omeprazole Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous

194
Q

Omeprazole Adverse Effects

A

Headache, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, constipation

195
Q

Ondansetron

A

Prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemo and radiation therapy

196
Q

Ondansetron Mech.

A

Serotonin 5HT3 receptor antagonist

197
Q

Ondansetron Admin.

A

Oral, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular

198
Q

Ondansetron Adverse Effects

A

Diarrhea, constipation, headache, sleepiness, itchiness

199
Q

Paregoric

A

Antidiarrheal, antitussive, analgesic

200
Q

Paregoric Admin.

A

Oral

201
Q

Paregoric Adverse Effects

A

Constipation, upset stomach, vomiting, stomach pain, drowsiness, dizziness

202
Q

Ranitidine

A

Treatment of peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

203
Q

Ranitidine Mech.

A

H2 receptor antagonist; decreases stomach acid production

204
Q

Ranitidine Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous

205
Q

Ranitidine Adverse Effects

A

Headache, constipation, reversible mental confusion, disorientation in elderly, elevated serum liver enzymes

206
Q

Sucralfate

A

Aluminum hydroxide + sulfated sucrose that is used to promote healing of peptic ulcers; nonsystematic drug that exerts its effect locally in the GI tract; short-term treatment of duodenal uclers

207
Q

Sucralfate Mech.

A

Forms a protective barrier over damaged gastric mucosa; inhibits pepsin activity and may absorb bile salts

208
Q

Sucralfate Admin.

A

Oral tablet

209
Q

Sucralfate Adverse Effects

A

Constipation

210
Q

Terbutaline

A

Reliever inhaler in management of asthma

211
Q

Terbutaline Mech.

A

B2 adrenergic receptor agonist

212
Q

Terbutaline Admin.

A

Oral, inhalation, subcutaneous

213
Q

Terbutaline Adverse Effects

A

Tachycardia, anxiety, nervousness, tremors, headache, hyperflycemia, hypokalemia, hypotension, pulmonary edema

214
Q

Theophylline

A

Treatment of COPD and asthma

215
Q

Theophylline Mech.

A

Increases cAMP levels to cause bronchodilation and inhibition of chemical mediator release from mast cells

216
Q

Theophylline Admin.

A

Oral

217
Q

Theophylline Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, diarrhea, increase in heart rate, abnormal heart rhythms, CNS excitation

218
Q

Zafirlukast

A

Chronic treatment of asthma

219
Q

Zafirlukast Mech.

A

Leukotriene receptor antagonist; reduces the production of inflammatory mediators

220
Q

Zafirlukast Admin.

A

Oral

221
Q

Zafirlukast Adverse Effects

A

Headache, stomach upset, liver failure

222
Q

Alendronate

A

Bisphosphonate drug used for treating osteoporosis and bone pain

223
Q

Alendronate Mech.

A

Inhibit bone resorption by osteoclasts

224
Q

Alendronate Admin.

A

Oral

225
Q

Alendronate Adverse Effects

A

Constipation, abdominal pain, nausea, acid reflux

226
Q

Cortisone

A

Steroid hormone; main hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress; reduces inflammation and pain

227
Q

Cortisone Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, intramuscular

228
Q

Cortisone Adverse Effects

A

Asthma, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, osteoporosis, anxiety, depression, cataracts, Cushing’s, glaucoma

229
Q

Dexamethasone

A

Corticosteroid that treats rheumatic problems, allergies, asthma, etc.

230
Q

Dexamethasone Mech.

A

Agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor

231
Q

Dexamethasone Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, into bone marrow

232
Q

Dexamethasone Adverse Effects

A

Thrush, bone loss, cataracts, easy bruising, muscle weakness

233
Q

Estradiol

A

Estrogen steroid hormone and major female sex hormone; involved in regulation of the estrous and menstrual female reproductive cycles; responsible for development of female secondary sexual characteristics

234
Q

Estradiol Mech.

A

Agonist of the estrogen receptor

235
Q

Estradiol Admin.

A

Oral, sublingual, intranasal, topical, vaginal, intramuscular, implant

236
Q

Estradiol Adverse Effects

A

Cramps, anxiety, bloating, bleeding, breast enlargement and tenderness

237
Q

Glipizide

A

Type 2 diabetes medication

238
Q

Glipizide Mech.

A

Blocks potassium channels -> calcium influx encouraging insulin release from beta cells

239
Q

Glipizide Admin.

A

Oral

240
Q

Glipizide Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, diarrhea, low blood sugar, headache, skin rash

241
Q

Glyburide

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus medication

242
Q

Glyburide Mech.

A

Binds to and inhibits ATP sensitive potassium channels inhibitory regulatory subunit in pancreatic beta cells

243
Q

Glyburide Admin.

A

Oral

244
Q

Glyburide Adverse Effects

A

Stomach pain, fever, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice, pale skin, confusion

245
Q

Hydrocortisone

A

Cortisol hormone used in adrenocortical insufficiency, COPD, etc;

246
Q

Hydrocortisone Mech.

A

Corticosteroid hormone receptor agonist

247
Q

Hydrocortisone Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, topical,

248
Q

Hydrocortisone Adverse Effects

A

Mood changes, swelling, osteoporosis, weakness, easy bruising

249
Q

Metformin

A

First-line medication for type 2 medication, especially for people overweight; used in treatment of PCOS

250
Q

Metformin Mech.

A

Not entirely understood

251
Q

Metformin Admin.

A

Oral

252
Q

Metformin Adverse Effects

A

Itchiness, hair loss, nausea, muscle pain, swelling, abdominal pain, low blood cell counts, liver failure

253
Q

Methimazole

A

Used to treat hyperthyroidism and Graves disease

254
Q

Methimazole Mech.

A

Inhibits the enzyme thyroperoxidase

255
Q

Methimazole Admin.

A

Oral

256
Q

Methimazole Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, numbness, rash, itching, hair loss, decreased sense of taste

257
Q

Prednisolone

A

Glucocorticoid steroid to treat allergies and inflammations

258
Q

Prednisolone Mech.

A

Binds to cytoplasmic receptors and inhibits DNA synthesis

259
Q

Prednisolone Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, topical

260
Q

Prednisolone Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, tired, psychiatric problems, bone loss, weakness, easy bruising

261
Q

Progesterone

A

Endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis; also used in menopausal hormone therapy

262
Q

Progesterone Mech.

A

Exerts a negative feedback against LH and FSH

263
Q

Progesterone Admin.

A

Oral, topical, vaginal, intramuscular, subcutaneous

264
Q

Progesterone Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, irritability, depression, fluid retention, breast tenderness, weight gain, thrombophlebitis, double-vision

265
Q

Sildenafil

A

“Viagra” used to treat erectile dysfunction

266
Q

Sildenafil Mech.

A

Blocks phosphodiesterase 5, an enzyme that promotes the breakdown of cGMP

267
Q

Sildenafil Admin.

A

Oral

268
Q

Sildenafil Adverse Effects

A

Headache, flushing, nasal congestion, diarrhea, rash, upset stomach

269
Q

Testosterone

A

Primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid; development of testes and prostate and promotes secondary sexual characteristics

270
Q

Testosterone Mech.

A

Activates the androgen receptor or after conversion to 5aDHT

271
Q

Testosterone Admin.

A

Topical, transdermal patch, intramuscular ingestion, oral

272
Q

Testosterone Adverse Effects

A

Acne, swelling, breast enlargement, liver toxivity, heart disease

273
Q

Tolbutamide

A

Management of type 2 diabetes

274
Q

Tolbutamide Mech.

A

Potassium channel blockers that stimulate secretion of insulin by the pancreas

275
Q

Tolbutamide Admin.

A

Oral

276
Q

Tolbutamide Adverse Effects

A

Hypoglycemia, weight gain, hypersensitivity, drug interactions

277
Q

Triamcinolone

A

Glucocorticoid used to treat skin diseases, allergies and rheumatic disorders; prevent worsening of asthma and COPD

278
Q

Triamcinolone Mech.

A

Corticosteroid hormone receptor agonist

279
Q

Triamcinolone Admin.

A

Oral, topical, intramuscular

280
Q

Triamcinolone Adverse Effects

A

Osteoporosis, cataracts, thrush, muscle weakness, psychosis, bronchospasm

281
Q

Vasopressin

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

282
Q

Vasopressin Mech.

A

Hormone synthesized as a peptide pro hormone in the hypothalamus and converted into arginine vasopressin

283
Q

Vasopressin Admin.

A

Intravenous, intramuscular injection, subcutaneous

284
Q

Vasopressin Adverse Effects

A

Dizziness, angina, chest pain, abdominal cramps, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, trembling, fever, diarrhea, sweating, paleness

285
Q

Acyclovir

A

Antiviral used for the treatment of viral infections, chickenpox, shingles and herpes

286
Q

Acyclovir Mech.

A

Completely inhibits and inactivates HSV-specified DNA polymerases preventing further viral DNA synthesis

287
Q

Acyclovir Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, topical

288
Q

Acyclovir Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, diarrhea

289
Q

Amantadine

A

Flu medication

290
Q

Amantadine Mech.

A

Interference with the viral protein M2 channel

291
Q

Amantadine Admin.

A

Oral

292
Q

Amantadine Adverse Effects

A

Nervousness, anxiety, agitation, insomnia

293
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Second generation penicillin; gram-positive and gram-negative

294
Q

Amoxicillin Mech.

A

Inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis that leads to the death of a bacteria

295
Q

Amoxicillin Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous

296
Q

Amoxicillin Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, rash

297
Q

Chloroquine

A

Treatment of malaria

298
Q

Chloroquine Mech.

A

Attach to protozoa DNA and block the synthesis of critical proteins needed for protozoa to mature and/or reproduce

299
Q

Chloroquine Admin.

A

Oral

300
Q

Chloroquine Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, diarrhea, headache, blurred vision, vertigo, rash

301
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Antibiotic for bacterial infections

302
Q

Ciprofloxacin Mech.

A

Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which inhibits cell division

303
Q

Ciprofloxacin Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, topical

304
Q

Ciprofloxacin Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rash

305
Q

Doxycycline

A

Antimalaria drug; most widely used tetracycline for antibiotics

306
Q

Doxycycline Mech.

A

Prevents binding of tRNA to mRNA at the ribosomal subunit

307
Q

Doxycycline Admin.

A

Oral, not with dairy or antacid products

308
Q

Doxycycline Adverse Effects

A

GI disturbances, rash, photosensitivity

309
Q

Doxorubicin

A

Chemotherapy medication used to treat leukemias and a variety of solid tumors

310
Q

Doxorubicin Mech.

A

Inhibits the progression of topoisomerase II, an enzyme which relaxes supercoils in RNA for transcription

311
Q

Doxorubicin Admin.

A

Intravenous

312
Q

Doxorubicin Adverse Effects

A

Hair loss, bone marrow suppression, vomiting, rash, inflammation of the mouth

313
Q

Erythromycin

A

Macrolide antibiotic for respiratory tract infections, skin infections, chlamydia, syphilis, etc.; used in penicillin allergic patients for minor ear and throat infections

314
Q

Erythromycin Mech.

A

Inhibits protein synthesis of bacteria

315
Q

Erythromycin Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, intramuscular, topical, eye drops

316
Q

Erythromycin Adverse Effects

A

Abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea

317
Q

Fluconazole

A

Antifungal drug used to treat Candida

318
Q

Fluconazole Mech.

A

Inhibits the fungal cyctochrome P450 enzyme

319
Q

Fluconazole Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, topical

320
Q

Fluconazole Adverse Effects

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, rash, increased liver enzymes, liver problems, seizures

321
Q

Gentamicin

A

Antibiotic for bone infections, endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, UTI, sepsis, etc

322
Q

Gentamicin Mech.

A

Binds to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome, negatively impacting protein synthesis

323
Q

Gentamicin Admin.

A

Intravenous, eye drop, intramuscular, topical

324
Q

Gentamicin Adverse Effects

A

Inner ear problems, kidney problems, balance, hearing loss

325
Q

Leuprolide

A

Manufactured version of a hormone to treat prostate cancer, breast cancer, endometriosis

326
Q

Leuprolide Mech.

A

Agonist of pituitary GnRH receptors; inhibit the release of FSH and LH

327
Q

Leuprolide Admin.

A

Implant, injection

328
Q

Leuprolide Adverse Effects

A

Hot flashes, unstable mood, trouble sleeping, headaches, pain at injection, high blood sugar

329
Q

Metronidazole

A

Antidysentery drug that distributed to all tissues, including bone, bile, liver abscesses and intestines to reach all protozoa

330
Q

Metronidazole Mech.

A

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by disrupting the DNA of microbial cells

331
Q

Metronidazole Admin.

A

Oral, topical, rectal, intravenous, vaginal

332
Q

Metronidazole Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, metallic taste, loss of appetite, headaches

333
Q

Neomycin

A

Aminoglycoside antibiotic found in many topical meds

334
Q

Neomycin Mech.

A

Active against streptomysin-resistant bacteria, including in the case of tuberculosis

335
Q

Neomycin Admin.

A

Topical, oral

336
Q

Neomycin Adverse Effects

A

Drowsiness, confusion, mood changes, thirst, loss of appetite, wight gain

337
Q

Nystatin

A

Antifungal medication used for vaginal yeast infections, diaper rash, etc.

338
Q

Nystatin Mech.

A

Ionophore that binds to ergosterol

339
Q

Nystatin Admin.

A

Topical

340
Q

Nystatin Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

341
Q

Quinine

A

Treatment of malaria

342
Q

Quinine Mech.

A

Attach to protozoa DNA and block the synthesis of critical proteins needed for protozoa to mature and/or reproduce

343
Q

Quinine Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, intramuscular, rectal

344
Q

Quinine Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, diarrhea, headache, blurred vision, vertigo, rash, cinchonism

345
Q

Ribavirin

A

Antiviral for RSV infection, hepatitis C, and viral hemorrhagic fever

346
Q

Ribavirin Mech.

A

Guanosine analog used to stop viral RNA synthesis and viral mRNA capping

347
Q

Ribavirin Admin.

A

Oral, solution for inhalation

348
Q

Ribavirin Adverse Effects

A

Feeling tired, headache, nausea, fever, muscle pains, irritable mood, red blood cell breakdown, liver problems

349
Q

Saquinavir

A

Antiretroviral for AIDS/HIV

350
Q

Saquinavir Mech.

A

Protease inhibitor

351
Q

Saquinavir Admin.

A

Oral

352
Q

Saquinavir Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, gastritis, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, confusion, dizziness, insomnia, arthralgia, edema, rash, hypertension, nephrotoxicity

353
Q

Streptomycin

A

Antibiotic for tuberculosis, endocarditis, plague, etc.

354
Q

Streptomycin Mech.

A

Protein synthesis inhibitor

355
Q

Streptomycin Admin.

A

Intravenous, intramuscular

356
Q

Streptomycin Adverse Effects

A

Spinning feeling, vomiting, face numbness, fever, rash

357
Q

Sulfamethoxazole

A

Antibiotic for UTIs, bronchitis, and prostatitis

358
Q

Sulfamethoxazole Mech.

A

Prevents folic acid synthesis in the bacteria that must synthesize their own folic acid

359
Q

Sulfamethoxazole Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous

360
Q

Sulfamethoxazole Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, skin rashes

361
Q

Sulfasalazine

A

Medication for rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn’s disease

362
Q

Sulfasalazine Admin.

A

Oral

363
Q

Sulfasalazine Adverse Effects

A

Loss of appetite, nausea, headache, rash, bone marrow suppression, liver and kidney problems

364
Q

Tamoxifen

A

Prevent and treat breast cancer and Albright syndrome

365
Q

Tamoxifen Mech.

A

Estrogen receptor blocker

366
Q

Tamoxifen Admin.

A

Oral

367
Q

Tamoxifen Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, hot flashes, rash, menstrual irregularities

368
Q

Vancomycin

A

Antimicrobial indicated for resistant Gm+ staphylococcal infections

369
Q

Vancomycin Mech.

A

Inhibits proper cell wall synthesis in gram-positive bacteria

370
Q

Vancomycin Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous

371
Q

Vancomycin Adverse Effects

A

Pain in area of injection, allergic reactions, hearing loss, low BP, bone marrow suppression

372
Q

Zidovudine

A

Antiretroviral used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS

373
Q

Zidovudine Mech.

A

Thymidine analogue; selectively inhibits HIV’s reverse transcriptase

374
Q

Zidovudine Admin.

A

Oral, intravenous, rectal suppository

375
Q

Zidovudine Adverse Effects

A

Nausea, gastritis, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, confusion, dizziness, insomnia, arthralgia, edema, rash, hypertension, nephrotoxicity

Pharm 401 (10 decks)

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