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Pharm 401 > Final Vocab > Flashcards

Final Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

conduction system

A

coordinates the contractions of the atria and ventricles

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2
Q

myocardium

A

muscular tissue of the heart

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3
Q

ischemia

A

insufficient blood supply

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4
Q

autothythmicity

A

property of conduction tissue that enables the heart to initiate its own electrical stimulation

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5
Q

pulmonary edema

A

when fluid accumulates in the blood

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6
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

aging disease where there is a hardening and narrowing of the arteries

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7
Q

atheriosclerosis

A

type of arteriosclerosis where fatty deposits accumulate within the walls of the arteries

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8
Q

angina pectoris

A

clinical condition characterized by chest pain caused by insufficient coronary blood flow

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9
Q

myocardial infarction

A

occurs when an area of heart muscle is deprived of blood flow

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10
Q

congestion

A

the accumulation of blood in the heart, lungs and tissues

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11
Q

chronic heart failure (CHF)

A

a failure or the heart to adequately pump enough blood to supply the tissues and organs with oxygen and other nutrients

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12
Q

preload

A

the amount of blood returning to the heart

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13
Q

afterload

A

the force of ventricular contraction that the heart must generate in order to overcome vascular resistance and eject blood out of the left ventricle

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14
Q

thiazide diuretics

A

block the reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubules of the kidney nephrons

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15
Q

loop diuretics

A

organic acids; site of action is the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney nephrons; most potent

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16
Q

aldosterone antagonists

A

weak diuretics that act on the collecting ducts of the nephron

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17
Q

bradykinin

A

endogenous vasodilator

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18
Q

anuria

A

kidneys have stopped making urine

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19
Q

edema

A

accumulation of fluid in other tissues

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20
Q

nephritis

A

infection or inflammation in the renal tissues, which reduces renal function

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21
Q

oliguria

A

decreased urine volume

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22
Q

uremia

A

an accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood due to impaired renal filtration

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23
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

substance that regulates water balance in the body by controlling water loss in the urine

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24
Q

vaptans

A

drugs that remove water through interactions with vasopressin (ADH) receptors

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25
Q

conivaptan

A

ADH receptor antagonist that conserves sodium and water

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26
Q

hypertension

A

blood pressure (BP) in the arterial system is abnormally high

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27
Q

secondary hypertension

A

hypertension with an unknown cause

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28
Q

renin inhibitors

A

drugs that reduce the activity of angiotensin II and RAA activation

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29
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

block the enzymatic conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, decrease the release of aldosterone and ADH; can cause hypotension and tachycardia

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30
Q

ARBs

A

block the binding of angiotensin II to the angiotensin-1 receptor

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31
Q

malignant hypertension

A

BP is extremely high and there is vascular inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels

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32
Q

thromboembolism

A

clots that become jammed in blood vessels

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33
Q

coagulation

A

process of normal blood clot formation

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34
Q

hemostasis

A

the balance between clot formation and clot breakdown that occurs throughout the day

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35
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of the walls of the veins

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36
Q

fibrinolytic drugs

A

dissolve preformed blood clots

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37
Q

hypolipidemic/antilipemic drugs

A

drugs that lower fats

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38
Q

plaque

A

accumulated fat

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39
Q

stable plaque

A

has a cholesterol core with a fibrous cap and may contain calcium that hardens as it builds up within the cell

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40
Q

unstable plaque

A

has a cholesterol core but is more dangerous because it had a thin cap that can erode, rupture, and break away; this can form a clot

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41
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

narrowing of small arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart

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42
Q

transient ischemic attach

A

a brief interruption of blood flow to the brain

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43
Q

aneurysm

A

abnormal widening of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel

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44
Q

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

A

obstruction of blood flow in the large arteries of the arms and legs

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45
Q

low-density lipoprotein

A

“bad cholesterol;” formed from apoprotein B-100 and cholesterol

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46
Q

very-low-density lipoprotein

A

precursor to LDL

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47
Q

high-density lipoprotein

A

good cholesterol

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48
Q

triglycerides

A

main form of fat from diet; provide your body with energy

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49
Q

chylomicrons

A

very large lipoproteins produced by the intestine to transport dietary cholesterol and triglycerides

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50
Q

primary hyperlipidemias

A

significant elevations in lipid levels that occur as a result of genetic disorders

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51
Q

secondary hyperlipidemias

A

significant elevations in lipid levels that occur as a result of diet, drugs or disease

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52
Q

bile acid sequestrants

A

break down fats ingested in the diet into absorbable forms

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53
Q

HMG-CoA enzyme inhibitors

A

treatment of primary hyperlipidemias and to slow the progression of atherosclerosis

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54
Q

rhabdomyolysis

A

the rapid breakdown of skeletal muscles due to muscle injury

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55
Q

antigens

A

substances such as pollen, mold, dust, and insect venom that stimulate the production of antibodies in the blood and tissue

56
Q

type I/acture hypersensitivity

A

symptoms of allergy reaction because the response is immediate

57
Q

antihistamines

A

drugs that block any histamine receptors and stop histamine’s responses; sedation and zerostomia

58
Q

antiallergic agents/mast cell stabilizers

A

drugs that prevent mast cells from releasing histamine

59
Q

xerostomia

A

dry mouth

60
Q

excematoid dermatitis

A

lesions on the skin ooze and develop scaly crusts

61
Q

prophylactic drugs

A

drugs which prevent the onset of symptoms or disease as a result of exposure before the reactive process can take place

62
Q

conjunctivitis

A

an inflammation of the thin, clear, outermost membrane that lies over the white part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelid

63
Q

COPD

A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

64
Q

chromic bronchitis

A

chronic irritation of the respiratory tract

65
Q

emphysema

A

inflammation and destruction of the alveoli

66
Q

asthma

A

respiratory condition with bronchoconstriction, shortness of breath, and wheezing

67
Q

allergic asthma

A

develop antibodies to the foreign protein (antigen) that is the cause of the allergy

68
Q

cyclooxygenase

A

an enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into several different prostaglandins

69
Q

lipoxygenase

A

enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into the leukotrienes

70
Q

leukotrienes

A

potent bronchoconstrictors with long durations of action

71
Q

sympathomimetic bronchodilators

A

stimulate beta2 adrenergic receptors

72
Q

anticholinergic bronchodilators

A

block cholinergic/muscarinic receptors

73
Q

nonselective beta adrenergic drugs

A

increase the formation of intracellular cAMP

74
Q

corticosteroids

A

derivatives of the steroid hormone cortisol, which is normally released from the adrenal cortex

75
Q

mucolytics

A

chemical agents that liquefy bronchial mucus

76
Q

expectorants

A

drugs that facilitate the removal of thickened mucus secretions from the lungs

77
Q

oxyntic cells

A

parietal cells in the stomach responsible for the secretion of gastric acid (HCI)

78
Q

enterochromaffin-life cells (ECL)

A

cells that synthesize and release histamine

79
Q

gastrointestinal esophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

chronic disease characterized by heartburn

80
Q

anti secretory drugs

A

drugs that reduce the volume and concentration of gastric acid

81
Q

antacids

A

drugs that neutralize hydrochloric acid (HCL) secreted by the stomach

82
Q

pro kinetic drug

A

increases lower esophageal sphincter tone and stimulates motility in the upper GI tract

83
Q

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A

presence of gastrin-containing tumors and ulceration of the GI tract

84
Q

proton pump inhibitors (PPRs)

A

drugs that directly inhibit the secretory system that releases HCL

85
Q

prostaglandins

A

lipids made from fatty acids

86
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

involuntary, repetitive movements of the extremities, lip smacking, grimacing, tongue protrusion, REM, puckering, pursing of lips, impaired movement of the finger

87
Q

emesis

A

vomiting

88
Q

difenoxen

A

mu receptor agonist that stimulates mu receptors in the myenteric plexus to decrease peristalsis and constrict sphincters

89
Q

endocrine system

A

ductless glands throughout the body regulate activity by releasing hormones into the bloodstream to affect a target organ

90
Q

lipid-soluble hormones

A

able to diffuse through the target cell’s plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the nucleus of the cell

91
Q

water-soluble hormones

A

cannot diffuse through the cell membrane so they bind to receptors on the plasma membrane and produce their effects by activating second messengers

92
Q

second messenger

A

a chemical that is able to carry out the intended action of the hormone inside the cell

93
Q

dwarfism

A

ack of growth hormone somatotropin

94
Q

cretinism

A

lack of thyroid hormone in infancy

95
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland of the endocrine system

96
Q

tropic hormones

A

hormones of the anterior lobe

97
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

stimulates growth and repair in all tissues but especially in liver, bone, cartilage, muscle and fat

98
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

thyroid growth and stimulates production and release of thyroxine in thyroid gland

99
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates production and secretion of cortisol in adrenal cortex

100
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulates development of sperm and ova in gonads

101
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

controls production of sex hormones estrogen and testosterone in gonads

102
Q

prolactin

A

milk production and testosterone secretion in mammary glands

103
Q

oxytocin

A

labor contractions, milk release, ejaculation, sperm transport, sexual affection and mother-infant bonding in uterus and mammary glands

104
Q

acromegaly

A

hypersecretion of GH in adults, which results in thickening of the bones and soft tissues with especially noticeable effects on the hands, feet, and face

105
Q

somatostatin

A

an inhibitory hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stomach, intestine and pancreas

106
Q

Addison’s disease

A

a deficiency in glucocorticoid and sometimes aldosterone production

107
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

excess glucocorticoid production

108
Q

replacement therapy

A

administration of naturally occurring substance that the body is not able to produce

109
Q

glucocorticoids

A

regulate metabolism of carbs, proteins, fats particularly during stress

110
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

the process of making ‘new’ glucose in the liver, where AAs or glycerol are converted into glucose

111
Q

catabolism

A

the breakdown of proteins into AAs

112
Q

mineralocorticoid activity

A

the ability to cause the retention of sodium by the kidneys

113
Q

angiotensin II

A

potent peptide that constricts blood vessels, raising blood pressure, and is a strong stimulator of aldosterone secretion

114
Q

hypoaldosteronism

A

deficiency of mineralocorticoids

115
Q

fludrocortisone

A

synthetic adrenocorticosteroid

116
Q

pluripotent

A

hormones have a significant role in the physiology and metabolism of target tissues in addition to those associated with reproduction

117
Q

menarche

A

first mensturation

118
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin

A

glycoprotein hormone produced in pregnancy to maintain progesterone production

119
Q

progesterone

A

the natural hormone made within the ovary after ovulation and in the corpus luteum when present

120
Q

menopause

A

complete cessation of a menstrual period for 12 months + circulating estrogen level less than 50 pg/ml and FSH blood level greater than 50 IU/ml

121
Q

dyspareunia

A

difficult or painful sexual intercourse

122
Q

osteoporosis

A

decrease in bone density

123
Q

amenorrhea

A

no menstruation

124
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful or difficult menstruation

125
Q

fertility drugs

A

drugs that bring about ovulation

126
Q

spermatogonia

A

germ cells that migrate to the testes

127
Q

androgen

A

testosterone hormone

128
Q

impotence

A

the inability to perform sexual function often associated in men as erectile dysfunction or inability to achieve an erection

129
Q

beta-blockers

A

decrease the rate at which the heart beats and reduces the force of the contractions of the heart

130
Q

calcium channel blockers

A

reduce myocardial contractility

131
Q

most common route of admin of nitrates during attacks of angina

A

sublingual

132
Q

patients taking thiazide diuretics may experience

A

orthostatic hypotension

133
Q

Sorry, no manipulations with clipboard allowed

A

thiazide diuretics cause an increase in excretion of Na and H20, reducing blood and cardiac output

134
Q

NSAIDs

A

promote formation of ulcers

135
Q

sulfonamides

A

competitive antagonists of paraaminobenzoic acid

136
Q

amantadine

A

inhibits the release of viral dna into host cells

Pharm 401 (10 decks)

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