Midterm 2.2

Question 1

why are some diseases returning

Answer 1

Ecological changes, population growth, drug resistance, international trade & travel, inadequate public health
- choosing not to vaccinate

Question 2

8th leading cause of death in Canada

Answer 2

Influenza and pneumonia

Question 3

non-modifiable risk factors

Answer 3

age, heredity, environmental conditions

Question 4

modifiable risk factors

Answer 4

poor diet, physical inactivity
stress, inadequate sleep
drug misuse or abuse

Question 5

Pathogens: Modes of Transmission

Answer 5

1. direct contact with infected person
   Fist bump, handshake, sexual activity
2. indirect contact
   Touching object an infected person touched
3. Autoinoculation
   Transition from one part of your body(harm) to another no harm)
4. airborne or waterborne pathogens
   Sneeze, cough, contaminated drinking water, washing food in contaminated water
5. Food -borne pathogens
6. Animal-borne pathogens
   Bit by an animal

Question 6

The body’s first line of defence

Answer 6

skin: protective barrier against pathogens
GI system: HCl acid in the stomach, gut bacteria
Mucous membranes & cilia: trap invading pathogens
Secretions at body entrances: destroy pathogen

Question 7

immunity

Answer 7

the ability to resist disease by counteracting the invading pathogens

Question 8

antigens

Answer 8

foreign substances that trigger immune response

Question 9

what is the immune system made of

Answer 9

cells, tissues, organs

Question 10

humoral immunity

Answer 10

antigen-antibody response

Question 11

antibodies

Answer 11

immumoglobulins
- produced by B-lymphocytes
- matched to specific antigens
- capable of neutralizing antigen, destroying antigen, or setting up for destruction by other immune cells

Question 12

when are t cells used

Answer 12

antigen has infiltrated cells or cell becomes cancerous

Question 13

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer 13

T-lymphocytes (T-cells), macrophages

Question 14

3 types of t cells

Answer 14

Regularlory T-cells: activate other immune cells (b-cells or t-cell)
Killer T-cells: attack & destroy infected or malignant cells
Suppressor T-cells: reverse activation of immune system

Question 15

what are some b-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes preserved as

Answer 15

memory cells (allowing for quick recognition)

Question 16

\adaptive responses

Answer 16

fever, high fever, pain, direct or referred

Question 17

fever

Answer 17

rise in body temp above 37 degrees
- part of response to an invading organism

Question 18

high fever

Answer 18

can be harmful
bt may destroy some disease-causing organisms and stimulate more white blood cell production

Question 19

pain response to injury or illness

Answer 19

causes person to stop action/seek medical attention
preventing further injury or illness progression

Question 20

direct or referred

Answer 20

often accompanied by inflammation

Question 21

three major bacteria

Answer 21

cocci, bacilli, spirilla

Question 22

staphylococcal skin infections

Answer 22

minor (pimples, boils) → impetigo, cellulitis
others? food poisoning, pneumonia, blood infections

Question 23

streptococcal Infections - Group A

Answer 23

most common is “strep throat”

Question 24

untreated strep throat:

Answer 24

may lead to other inflammatory illnesses
Scarlet fever, inflammation of kidneys, Rheumatic fever

Question 25

streptococcal infections - Group B

Answer 25

causes streptococcus pneumonia

Question 26

pneumonia

Answer 26

infection → inflammation of air sacs in the lungs
may fill with fluid or pus
severe cough with phlegm, fever, chills

Question 27

Toxic shock syndrome

Answer 27

rare complication of “staph” or “strep” infection
related to tampon use, cuts, surgical wounds
sudden onset fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, lightheadedness, tachycardia, pallor
immediate medical attention

Question 28

Escherichia coli (E.coli)

Answer 28

some strains cause severe abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhea, vomiting

Question 29

E.coli sources

Answer 29

contaminated food
contaminated water
person to person

Question 30

E.coli recovery

Answer 30

7 days

Question 31

Tuberculosis (TB)

Answer 31

mycobacterium bacteria

latent TB-bacteria is present but not active
active TB- ersistent cough, chest pain, fatigue
fever, chills, poor appetite, weight loss

Question 32

common cold

Answer 32

viral infection of upper respiratory tract
most common is rhinovirus
runny nose, sore throat, cough, congestion, fever
no vaccine, no cure - prevention is key
treatment: rest, fluids, medications to manage symptoms

Question 33

influenza

Answer 33

more serious, sudden onset
cold symptoms + muscle aches, fatigue
risk of pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus/ear infections
yearly vaccine

Question 34

Infectious Mononucleosis

Answer 34

viral infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus
fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, fever
incubation period: 4-6 wks
usually not serious - rest, fluids

Complications:
enlarged spleen, hepatitis

Question 35

Measles

Answer 35

highly contagious: 8 days (4 days before & after rash)
symptoms: cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes,
sore throat, fever, red / blotchy skin rash

complications include:
ear infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, encephalitis
miscarriage, preterm labor

Question 36

mumps

Answer 36

produces swollen parotid glands, fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue
may cause sterility in young adulthood

Question 37

chicken pox

Answer 37

caused by varicella-zoster virus
produces fever, fatigue, itchy red rash → blisters
may reactivate later in life as shingles

Question 38

Chlamydia

Answer 38

most prevalent STI - bacterial
more common in women

symptoms:
males: frequent, painful urination
females: yellowish discharge, spotting

secondary complications
reproductive damage
prostate, seminal vesicles, cervix, fallopian tubes
arthritis-like symptoms, damage to blood vessels/heart

Question 39

Herpes

Answer 39

type 1 - cold sores and fever blisters
type 2 - genital herpes - burning, redness, blisters

latency phase: virus resides at base of nerve
reactivated by stress, sun, illness

Question 40

HIV

Answer 40

human immunodeficiency virus

Question 41

AIDS

Answer 41

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Question 42

AIDS transmission

Answer 42

unprotected sex w partner,jection use (contaminated needle), blood transfusion prior to 1986, mother to baby transmission

Question 43

testing for HIV

Answer 43

lood tests (ELISA and Western blot)
detect antibodies to HIV

Question 44

what kind of immunity do vaccines contribute to

Answer 44

acquired immunity