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HE101 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the health care system evolved around

A

equity… doesn’t matter if you are poor or rich

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2
Q

Recent concern in the health care system about?

A

sustainabliity… if healthcare costs rise then it wont make a difference in life expectancy

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3
Q

Delisting

A

what the health care covers and what we need to pay for

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4
Q

Where does 60% of the healthcare money go to

A

hospitals, drug spending, physician

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5
Q

Canada Health Act (1984): Canadian Medicare

A

1) Universality- every resident of Canada will have access to health on the same basis
2) Comprehensiveness- every province covers medically necessary in the health care system
3) Accessibility- uniform accessible for hospitals
4) Pubicly administered on a non-profit basis - not for profit or provided hospitals or shape holders
5)Portability- we can have access to medical care in different provinces

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6
Q

Responsibilities of the federal government

A
  • ensures access to specific groups (first nations, RCMP, armed forces)
    -health protection (health promotion, disease prevention, education)
  • health research
  • financial support (transfer payments to provinces)
  • ensure health care is portable across canada
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7
Q

responsibilities of the provincial government

A
  • planning, managing, delivery of healthcare (every province spends differently as they might have a different plan)
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8
Q

how is public health care funded

A
  • through taxation (provincial, federal and corporates income tax)
    Includes: medically necessary hospital, physician services
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9
Q

how is private healthcare funded

A
  • through health insurance (employee benefits/individual premiums)
    -dental, vision, prescription
  • out of pocket
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10
Q

what percent of health care is covered vs paid out of pocket

A

70% is publicly covered by the healthcare system
30% is covered from your own pocket

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11
Q

what is the ODB

A

Ontario drug benefit program - helps seniors, low-income, social assistance

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12
Q

What influences access to healthcare

A
  • supply of providers, supply of facilities person health status, geographical location
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13
Q

HSO

A

health service organization
- new model of health care
- funds a set fee per patient per year
- responsible for overall care - encourages prevention

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14
Q

levels of care

A

primary: first entrance
secondary: provided medical specialist, not first contact to the patient
tertiary: beyond specialization, surgeon

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15
Q

causes of overcrowding

A

delay in services/ results in radiology and labs

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16
Q

effects of overcrowding

A

increase of mortality and morbidity

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17
Q

triage

A

history, rapid assessment, first aid if necessary
determines severity/priority

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18
Q

solutions to overcrowding

A
  • expand the supply of qualified emergency nurses
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19
Q

CCAC

A

community care access centre
- provides continuing care in your home

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20
Q

what to do if u can’t go home

A

retirement home or long term care

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21
Q

spontaneous remission

A

symptoms improve without any apparent cause or treatment

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22
Q

placebo effect

A

apparent cure, improvement in symptoms brought about by product or procedure with no medicinal value

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23
Q

Traditional (allopathic) medicine

A

“traditional, Western medical practice based on scientifically validated methods & procedures”

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24
Q

Iatrogenic disease

A

illness caused by the medical treatment

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25
Q

Internal medicine (Internist)

A

health care for adults with multi-system diseases
may have specialty training
e.g. cardiology, gastroenterology, hematolo

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26
Q

Pediatrics (Pediatrician)

A

health care for children and adolescents

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27
Q

Geriatrics (Gerontologist)

A

Health care for older adults

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28
Q

Obstetrics/gynecology (OB/GYN)

A

Women’s health, pregnancy and childbirth

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29
Q

Midwifery

A

Women’s health, pregnancy and childbirth

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30
Q

Nursing

A

Registered Nurse, Registered Practical Nurse
Nurse Practitioner

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31
Q

CAM (non-allopathic) therapies

A

“medical alternatives to traditional western medicine”
many based on Eastern medicine
- used much more bc cost effect

32
Q

CAM

A

complimentary and alternative medicine

33
Q

Complementary vs. Alternative

A
  • Complementary: using a non-mainstream approach together with conventional medicine
  • Alternative: using a non-mainstream approach in place of conventional medicine (NCCAM, 2014)
34
Q

Integrative medicine

A

traditional & CAM therapies offered by team of healthcare providers

35
Q

Chiropractic Care Premise

A

life-giving energy flows through the spine via the nervous system
ill health results from misalignment of spine

36
Q

Massage Therapy

A

Manual manipulation of soft tissues of the body
Treatment of soft tissue injury, pain management, improving circulation, joint mobility, lymphatic drainage, reducing muscular tension

37
Q

Acupuncture

A

ancient Chinese technique - stimulate specific points by inserting thin needles through the skin
stimulate pathways of energy through body - meridians

38
Q

Naturopathic Medicine

A

system of primary health care that promotes wellness and prevention of illness or disease
premise: diseases are efforts by the body to ward off impurities and harmful substances from environment

39
Q

Herbal Remedies

A

liquid extracts, pills, lotions, teas
Understanding that many of these have very significant side effects if they are coupled with other prescribed medications or over the counter medication
But: active ingredients:

40
Q

Defining Sleep:

A

“a readily reversible state of reduced responsiveness to, and interaction with, the environment”

41
Q

how does sleep maintain physical health

A

Maintenance of immune system
If sleep deficient ~compromises immune functioning
Decreased risk of cardiovascular disease… 200% risk
Repairs heart and blood vessels
Contributes to healthy metabolism - more likely to be obese
Reproductive health - testosterone levels become similar to people 10 years older than you, hormone levels are impacted

42
Q

how does sleep affect neurological abilities

A

Attention lapses
Compromised memory
Decreased cognitive ability
Consolidating information into lasting memories

43
Q

how does sleep affect motor functioning

A

Motor skills, reaction time (small movements, large musical groups), reaction time… normal reaction is 0.2 of a second

44
Q

how does sleep affect psychological health

A

Certain brain regions rest only during sleep
Mental health issues (e.g., depression, anxiety)
Relationship between sleep and stress

45
Q

what is circadian rhythm?

A

nternal clock
“the 24-hour cycle by which you are accustomed to going to sleep, waking up, and performing habitual behaviours”

46
Q

what is the circadian rhythm regulated by

A

pineal gland: hormone/ chemical messenger - melatonin induces drowsiness

47
Q

what are the two primary sleep states

A

1) Non-REM sleep
2)REM sleep

48
Q

non-rem sleep

A
  • non rapid eye movement
  • a period of restful sleep dominated by slow brain waves
49
Q

rem seep

A
  • a period of sleep characterized by brain-wave activity similar to that seen in wakefulness
  • rapid eye movement and dreaming
50
Q

As night progresses NREM sleep ____________ and REM sleep ______

A

decreases, increases

51
Q

what is sleep debt

A

difference between the # of hrs of sleep needed in a given time period vs # of hrs actually got

52
Q

short sleepers

A

gene mutation discovered related to sleep
- mutation in DEC2 (greater control of hormone oxin)
- helps regulate circadian rhythym

53
Q

Sleep Inertia

A

“ a state characterized by cognitive impairment, grogginess and disorientation that is experienced upon rising from short sleep or an overly long nap”

54
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling asleep, frequent arousals during sleep, early morning awakening, and daytime sleepiness
Causes: stress, disruptions in circadian rhythms, and medication

55
Q

Treatment for Insomnia

A

Cognitive behavioural therapist can assist patient
- Identify thought, behaviours that cause sleeplessness.
Hypnotic, sedative medication may be prescribed.
Relaxation techniques: yoga and meditation

56
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Breathing briefly, repeatedly interrupted during sleep.
two types: central and obstructive

57
Q

Central sleep apnea:

A

brain-respiratory system disconnect
Breathing is not initiated.
Drugs and alcohol

58
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea:

A

more common
No air movement in nose or mouth.
Linked to blockage

59
Q

Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)

A

Neurological disorder: unpleasant sensations at rest
Urge to move to relieve sensations.
Symptoms: from uncomfortable to painful
Cause of RLS is unknown.

60
Q

Treatment for RLS

A

medications; decrease tobacco, and alcohol use
Also, applying heat and stretching exercises.

61
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Excessive, intrusive sleepiness.
Narcoleptics: reduction in nerve cells containing hypocretin.
Plays a part in sleep regulation

62
Q

What is sleep hygiene?

A

variety of different practices and habits necessary to have good nighttime sleep quality and full daytime alertness

63
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations ”

64
Q

what did hippocrates do

A

In the 5th century Hippocrates (Father of Modern Medicine) suggested that the development of human disease may be related to external and personal environment of individual

65
Q

what did john graunt do

A

In 1662, John Graunt analyzed weekly reports of births and deaths:
1st to quantify patterns of disease
noted increase in # men that were born or died
noted high infant mortality rate

66
Q

what did william farr do

A

in 1839, Farr setup system of routine compilation of numbers and causes of deaths … compared mortality rates with several different characteristics
Smallpox focus

67
Q

Distribution

A

When? Where? Who?
questions may consist of comparisons
integral in describing disease patterns, and in the formulation of hypotheses pertaining to possible causal or preventive factors

68
Q

Disease Frequency

A

Quantification of existence or occurrence of disease
Count of dieases to understand

69
Q

Determinants of Disease

A

Examine social and economic environment, physical environment, person’s individual characteristic and bahviours
Analysis necessary to test epidemiologic hypotheses

70
Q

Primary Units of Concern

A

Groups of persons must be studied in order to answer questions relating to etiology and prevention of disease and to allocate effort and resources in health care facilities & communities

71
Q

Key Assumptions of Epidemiology

A

Majority of human disease does not occur at random
Causal and preventive factors of human disease can be identified through investigation of different populations or subgroups of individuals within a population

72
Q

Count

A

“count of the number of persons in the group studied who have particular disease or particular characteristic”

73
Q

Prevalence

A

“number of cases that exist at one time”
snapshot of an existing situation
usually a short time or an event that happens to people at different points in time
P.R. =(# of persons with a disease/ total # in group)

74
Q

Point prevalence vs period prevalence

A

Point Prevalence … at a particular time
Period Prevalence … number of cases found within a specified time period

75
Q

Incidence Rate

A

“number of new cases of the disease or conditions that occur during a given period”
Used in epidemic
I.R. = (# of persons developing a disease/ total # at risk)

HE101 (8 decks)

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