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Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the health care system evolved around

A

equity… doesn’t matter if you are poor or rich

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2
Q

Recent concern in the health care system about?

A

sustainabliity… if healthcare costs rise then it wont make a difference in life expectancy

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3
Q

Delisting

A

what the health care covers and what we need to pay for

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4
Q

Where does 60% of the healthcare money go to

A

hospitals, drug spending, physician

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5
Q

Canada Health Act (1984): Canadian Medicare

A

1) Universality- every resident of Canada will have access to health on the same basis
2) Comprehensiveness- every province covers medically necessary in the health care system
3) Accessibility- uniform accessible for hospitals
4) Pubicly administered on a non-profit basis - not for profit or provided hospitals or shape holders
5)Portability- we can have access to medical care in different provinces

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6
Q

Responsibilities of the federal government

A
  • ensures access to specific groups (first nations, RCMP, armed forces)
    -health protection (health promotion, disease prevention, education)
  • health research
  • financial support (transfer payments to provinces)
  • ensure health care is portable across canada
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7
Q

responsibilities of the provincial government

A
  • planning, managing, delivery of healthcare (every province spends differently as they might have a different plan)
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8
Q

how is public health care funded

A
  • through taxation (provincial, federal and corporates income tax)
    Includes: medically necessary hospital, physician services
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9
Q

how is private healthcare funded

A
  • through health insurance (employee benefits/individual premiums)
    -dental, vision, prescription
  • out of pocket
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10
Q

what percent of health care is covered vs paid out of pocket

A

70% is publicly covered by the healthcare system
30% is covered from your own pocket

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11
Q

what is the ODB

A

Ontario drug benefit program - helps seniors, low-income, social assistance

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12
Q

What influences access to healthcare

A
  • supply of providers, supply of facilities person health status, geographical location
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13
Q

HSO

A

health service organization
- new model of health care
- funds a set fee per patient per year
- responsible for overall care - encourages prevention

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14
Q

levels of care

A

primary: first entrance
secondary: provided medical specialist, not first contact to the patient
tertiary: beyond specialization, surgeon

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15
Q

causes of overcrowding

A

delay in services/ results in radiology and labs

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16
Q

effects of overcrowding

A

increase of mortality and morbidity

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17
Q

triage

A

history, rapid assessment, first aid if necessary
determines severity/priority

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18
Q

solutions to overcrowding

A
  • expand the supply of qualified emergency nurses
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19
Q

CCAC

A

community care access centre
- provides continuing care in your home

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20
Q

what to do if u can’t go home

A

retirement home or long term care

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21
Q

spontaneous remission

A

symptoms improve without any apparent cause or treatment

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22
Q

placebo effect

A

apparent cure, improvement in symptoms brought about by product or procedure with no medicinal value

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23
Q

Traditional (allopathic) medicine

A

“traditional, Western medical practice based on scientifically validated methods & procedures”

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24
Q

Iatrogenic disease

A

illness caused by the medical treatment

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25
Internal medicine (Internist)
health care for adults with multi-system diseases may have specialty training e.g. cardiology, gastroenterology, hematolo
26
Pediatrics (Pediatrician)
health care for children and adolescents
27
Geriatrics (Gerontologist)
Health care for older adults
28
Obstetrics/gynecology (OB/GYN)
Women's health, pregnancy and childbirth
29
Midwifery
Women's health, pregnancy and childbirth
30
Nursing
Registered Nurse, Registered Practical Nurse Nurse Practitioner
31
CAM (non-allopathic) therapies
“medical alternatives to traditional western medicine” many based on Eastern medicine - used much more bc cost effect
32
CAM
complimentary and alternative medicine
33
Complementary vs. Alternative
- Complementary: using a non-mainstream approach together with conventional medicine - Alternative: using a non-mainstream approach in place of conventional medicine (NCCAM, 2014)
34
Integrative medicine
traditional & CAM therapies offered by team of healthcare providers
35
Chiropractic Care Premise
life-giving energy flows through the spine via the nervous system ill health results from misalignment of spine
36
Massage Therapy
Manual manipulation of soft tissues of the body Treatment of soft tissue injury, pain management, improving circulation, joint mobility, lymphatic drainage, reducing muscular tension
37
Acupuncture
ancient Chinese technique - stimulate specific points by inserting thin needles through the skin stimulate pathways of energy through body - meridians
38
Naturopathic Medicine
system of primary health care that promotes wellness and prevention of illness or disease premise: diseases are efforts by the body to ward off impurities and harmful substances from environment
39
Herbal Remedies
liquid extracts, pills, lotions, teas Understanding that many of these have very significant side effects if they are coupled with other prescribed medications or over the counter medication But: active ingredients:
40
Defining Sleep:
“a readily reversible state of reduced responsiveness to, and interaction with, the environment”
41
how does sleep maintain physical health
Maintenance of immune system If sleep deficient ~compromises immune functioning Decreased risk of cardiovascular disease… 200% risk Repairs heart and blood vessels Contributes to healthy metabolism - more likely to be obese Reproductive health - testosterone levels become similar to people 10 years older than you, hormone levels are impacted
42
how does sleep affect neurological abilities
Attention lapses Compromised memory Decreased cognitive ability Consolidating information into lasting memories
43
how does sleep affect motor functioning
Motor skills, reaction time (small movements, large musical groups), reaction time… normal reaction is 0.2 of a second
44
how does sleep affect psychological health
Certain brain regions rest only during sleep Mental health issues (e.g., depression, anxiety) Relationship between sleep and stress
45
what is circadian rhythm?
nternal clock “the 24-hour cycle by which you are accustomed to going to sleep, waking up, and performing habitual behaviours”
46
what is the circadian rhythm regulated by
pineal gland: hormone/ chemical messenger - melatonin induces drowsiness
47
what are the two primary sleep states
1) Non-REM sleep 2)REM sleep
48
non-rem sleep
- non rapid eye movement - a period of restful sleep dominated by slow brain waves
49
rem seep
- a period of sleep characterized by brain-wave activity similar to that seen in wakefulness - rapid eye movement and dreaming
50
As night progresses NREM sleep ____________ and REM sleep ______
decreases, increases
51
what is sleep debt
difference between the # of hrs of sleep needed in a given time period vs # of hrs actually got
52
short sleepers
gene mutation discovered related to sleep - mutation in DEC2 (greater control of hormone oxin) - helps regulate circadian rhythym
53
Sleep Inertia
“ a state characterized by cognitive impairment, grogginess and disorientation that is experienced upon rising from short sleep or an overly long nap”
54
Insomnia
Difficulty falling asleep, frequent arousals during sleep, early morning awakening, and daytime sleepiness Causes: stress, disruptions in circadian rhythms, and medication
55
Treatment for Insomnia
Cognitive behavioural therapist can assist patient - Identify thought, behaviours that cause sleeplessness. Hypnotic, sedative medication may be prescribed. Relaxation techniques: yoga and meditation
56
Sleep Apnea
Breathing briefly, repeatedly interrupted during sleep. two types: central and obstructive
57
Central sleep apnea:
brain-respiratory system disconnect Breathing is not initiated. Drugs and alcohol
58
Obstructive sleep apnea:
more common No air movement in nose or mouth. Linked to blockage
59
Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)
Neurological disorder: unpleasant sensations at rest Urge to move to relieve sensations. Symptoms: from uncomfortable to painful Cause of RLS is unknown.
60
Treatment for RLS
medications; decrease tobacco, and alcohol use Also, applying heat and stretching exercises.
61
Narcolepsy
Excessive, intrusive sleepiness. Narcoleptics: reduction in nerve cells containing hypocretin. Plays a part in sleep regulation
62
What is sleep hygiene?
variety of different practices and habits necessary to have good nighttime sleep quality and full daytime alertness
63
Epidemiology
the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations ”
64
what did hippocrates do
In the 5th century Hippocrates (Father of Modern Medicine) suggested that the development of human disease may be related to external and personal environment of individual
65
what did john graunt do
In 1662, John Graunt analyzed weekly reports of births and deaths: 1st to quantify patterns of disease noted increase in # men that were born or died noted high infant mortality rate
66
what did william farr do
in 1839, Farr setup system of routine compilation of numbers and causes of deaths ... compared mortality rates with several different characteristics Smallpox focus
67
Distribution
When? Where? Who? questions may consist of comparisons integral in describing disease patterns, and in the formulation of hypotheses pertaining to possible causal or preventive factors
68
Disease Frequency
Quantification of existence or occurrence of disease Count of dieases to understand
69
Determinants of Disease
Examine social and economic environment, physical environment, person’s individual characteristic and bahviours Analysis necessary to test epidemiologic hypotheses
70
Primary Units of Concern
Groups of persons must be studied in order to answer questions relating to etiology and prevention of disease and to allocate effort and resources in health care facilities & communities
71
Key Assumptions of Epidemiology
Majority of human disease does not occur at random Causal and preventive factors of human disease can be identified through investigation of different populations or subgroups of individuals within a population
72
Count
“count of the number of persons in the group studied who have particular disease or particular characteristic”
73
Prevalence
“number of cases that exist at one time” snapshot of an existing situation usually a short time or an event that happens to people at different points in time P.R. =(# of persons with a disease/ total # in group)
74
Point prevalence vs period prevalence
Point Prevalence ... at a particular time Period Prevalence ... number of cases found within a specified time period
75
Incidence Rate
“number of new cases of the disease or conditions that occur during a given period” Used in epidemic I.R. = (# of persons developing a disease/ total # at risk)

HE101 (8 decks)

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