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HE101 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Acute

A

rapid onset, short course, caused by pathogen

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2
Q

Chronic

A

slow progression, long duration, life style behaviours are key

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3
Q

How many types of headaches are there

A

14

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4
Q

Tension Headaches

A

mild to moderate headaches
- can be treated with over the counter medicine

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5
Q

Tension Headaches Causes and symptoms complex

A
  • bilateral (halo) and dull paint
    causes: stress, anxiety, anger, certain foods, poor posture, referred pain
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6
Q

Where are migraines located

A

Hemicrania → half of the head
70%: unilateral

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7
Q

What are vascular migraines and headaches associated with

A

changes in the size of arteries inside and outside of brain

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8
Q

symptoms of a migraine

A

constant throbbing/ pulsating pain, in the temples, may be accompanied by nausea or vomiting, sensitivity to light/noise

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9
Q

What part of the brain is there an aura when a speech jumbles occur

A

the broc of the brain

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10
Q

What causes migraines

A

caffeine (changes the diameter of the arteries), alcohol, hormonal changes/menstruation, barometric pressure

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11
Q

are migraines more common in males or females

A

females

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12
Q

Cluster headaches

A

Attacks come in groups; mostly severe and intense
1-4 headaches a day during a cluster period

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13
Q

Are cluster headaches more common in men or women

A

men - middle age 25-40

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14
Q

symptoms of cluster headaches

A

unilateral, retro-orbital, pain around one eye; sharp stabbing

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15
Q

cluster headaches precipitating factors

A

not hereditary, history of chronic smoking, alcohol, histamines

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16
Q

histamines

A

a factor of cluster headaches; are high in blood or urine after cluster headaches

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17
Q

COPD

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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18
Q

COPD - Disease of the lungs

A

emphysema
chronic bronchitis
asthma

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19
Q

Severity of COPD

A

4th leading cause of death in Canada

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20
Q

Main symptoms of COPD

A

shortness of breath
Difficult time getting air flow in
Sputum production
chest tightness

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21
Q

Sputum

A

sputum : thick sticky mucus production in the lower airways

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22
Q

Possible Medical Treatments of COPD

A

bronchodilators
Steroids
Reduce inflammation
Antibiotics
Taken more frequently because of the dramatic effect the condition can have
Oxygen

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23
Q

EMPHYSEMA

A

chronic disease which affects the ability of the patient’s lungs to exchange gases
damages and destroys lung tissue

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24
Q

what does emphysema also mean

A

inflated

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25
Q

What happens physiologically in emphysema

A

Alveoli become enlarged & are destroyed, causing surrounding airways to collapse
Oxygen exchange is not the same in comparison to someone with healthy lungs

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26
Q

Causes of Emphysema

A

late effect of chronic infection/ irritation of the bronchial tubes
cigarette smoking contributes to the destructive processes

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27
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

The cells lining the inside of the bronchi are continuously inflamed
inflammation of the airways = irritation
irritation leads to increased production of mucus
result = coughing, spitting, work hard to breathe

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28
Q

Teratogen

A

environmental agent that causes harm to embryo or fetus

29
Q

Thalidomide

A

devastating pregnancy drug for morning sickness; caused missing body parts in babies. Exposure dictates severity

30
Q

Prenatal development phases

A
  1. Germinal period; 0-2 weeks (fermentation/implantation)
  2. embryonic period; weeks 3-8
  3. Fetal period; week 9 to birth (growth and development)
31
Q

Germinal period

A

Oocyte released into uterine tube & fertilized
Blastocyst attaches to endometrium wall 6 days after fertilization

32
Q

Embryonic

A

Organ & support systems develop
- Endoderm
- Ectoderm
- Mesoderm
Placenta, umbilical cord, amnion develop

33
Q

Fetal Period

A

Rapid growth & organ differentiation
Teratogen exposure minor abnormalities & functional defects

34
Q

Talipes

A
  • a congenital deformity of the foot
    • sometimes resulting from intrauterine constriction
    • characterized by the unilateral or bilateral deviation of the metatarsal bones of the forefoot
35
Q

Talipes treatment

A

splints, casts (ponseti method0)
surgery

36
Q

what can cause cleft lip/palette

A

genetic mand environmental
- maternal hypoxia drugs
- anything that causes a lack of oxygen (blood pressure drugs)

37
Q

Cleft lip

A

separation of the two sides of the lip
the separation often includes the bones of the upper jaw and/or upper gum

38
Q

Cleft Palate

A

an opening in the roof of the mouth in which the two sides of the palate did not fuse

39
Q

Spina bifida

A

Failure of neural tube to develop or close properly
Symptoms range from:
simple birthmark
muscle weakness
bowel/bladder problems
seizures
orthopedic problems

40
Q

Chromosomal Disorders

A

During meiosis, problems can occur
pair of chromosomes does not separate
Union with normal cell 47 chromosomes

41
Q

Down syndrome

A

21st chromosome has 3 or 2 chromosomes

42
Q

Down syndrome outcomes

A

Mental disabilities (IQ b/t 20 and 60)
Walking delayed for 1+ years
Hypotonia
Increase risk of heart conditions and cancers

43
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

Y sex chromosome from father combines with two X chromosomes from mother
born with, but usually presents at puberty

44
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome features

A

Tall, lanky build
Depression
Infertility (difficulty with reproduction; not unable to)
Intellectual difficulties

45
Q

Turner’s Syndrome

A

complete or partial absence of one of the two X chromosomes
very rare
Only females
appears to occur at random

46
Q

Features of turners syndrome

A

very short stature
lack of ovarian development
Sterility; not able to conceive a child
Webbed neck
CV, kidney and thyroid problems
skeletal disorders
hearing/vision disorders

47
Q

what is the most common fatal hereditary disorder in canada

A

cistic fibrosous

48
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Inherited disease that affects sodium channels in the body and causes respiratory and digestive problems

49
Q

CF lung problems

A

build up of thick mucus makes it difficult to clear bacteria and leads to cycles of infection and inflammation

50
Q

CF in the digestive tract

A

there is an absence of pancreatic enzymes required to breakdown and absorb fats

51
Q

CF diagnosis

A

poor growth
bowel disturbances
chronic coughing/wheezing
recurrent pneumonia

52
Q

CF complications

A

diabetes
chronic pancreatitis
ostopenia / osteoporosis
congenital absence the vas deferens
liver disease
Cardiorespiratory complications
most common cause of death

53
Q

CF treatment

A

Positive Expiratory Pressure (PEP) mask used to loosen mucus
taking pancreatic enzymes with all meals to aid digestion
taking nutritional supplements and vitamins
antibiotics
Exercise
Lung transplantation
Ilbuprofen for children between the ages of 5 and 13 years.

54
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Inherited genetic abnormality of RBC
Possess one normal gene (Hb-A) & one abnormal gene (Hb-S)
Asymptomatic

55
Q

SCT in detail

A

Child inherits two abnormal Hb genes
RBC change shape to sickle shape
Clumping of RBC’s

56
Q

SCT treatment

A

RBC transfusion & drugs
less blood can reach that part of body
tissue does not receive normal blood flow — eventually becomes damaged

57
Q

SCT complications

A

Anemia
Jaundice
formation of gallstones
Lung tissue damage
pain
stroke
organ damage

58
Q

what causes the yellow in jaundice

A

Bilirubin increases as red blood cell decrease; cause yellow

59
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Changes in white matter of nerve fibers—brain and spinal cord
Slowly progressing disease that may result in total incapacitation

60
Q

Parkinsons Disease

A

Degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the basal ganglia

61
Q

Parkinsons risk/ cause factors

A

increased age
Free radicals
Genetic Predisposition
1/5 PD cases
Chemical Exposure
Certain pesticides linked to development of PD
Neurotoxins
MPTP model

62
Q

4 primary symptoms of Parkinsons disease

A

bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity and posture instability

63
Q

Secondary symptoms of parkinsons

A

Difficulty swallowing, dementia, micrographia, hypophonia etc.
Micrographia: small writing (consistency impacted)
Hypophonia: low voice

64
Q

Freezing of Gait

A

Often occurs in confined spaces – ie. doorways, closets etc. or when turning

64
Q

Freezing of Gait

A

Often occurs in confined spaces – ie. doorways, closets etc. or when turning

65
Q

FOG causes

A

Muscle co-contraction?
Impaired timing?
Perceptual link?

66
Q

FOG/PD treatments

A

Drugs
Levadopa + Carbadopa (Sinemet)
Most effective in treating bradykinesia and rigidity

Surgery
Stimulation Surgery (Deep Brain Stimulation)
Implantation of electrode into basal ganglia to inactivate region

67
Q

FOG/PD treatments

A

Drugs
Levadopa + Carbadopa (Sinemet)
Most effective in treating bradykinesia and rigidity

Surgery
Stimulation Surgery (Deep Brain Stimulation)
Implantation of electrode into basal ganglia to inactivate region

68
Q

FOG/PD treatments

A

Drugs
Levadopa + Carbadopa (Sinemet)
Most effective in treating bradykinesia and rigidity

Surgery
Stimulation Surgery (Deep Brain Stimulation)
Implantation of electrode into basal ganglia to inactivate region

HE101 (8 decks)

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