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HE101 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Acute

A

rapid onset, short course, caused by pathogen

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2
Q

Chronic

A

slow progression, long duration, life style behaviours are key

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3
Q

How many types of headaches are there

A

14

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4
Q

Tension Headaches

A

mild to moderate headaches
- can be treated with over the counter medicine

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5
Q

Tension Headaches Causes and symptoms complex

A
  • bilateral (halo) and dull paint
    causes: stress, anxiety, anger, certain foods, poor posture, referred pain
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6
Q

Where are migraines located

A

Hemicrania → half of the head
70%: unilateral

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7
Q

What are vascular migraines and headaches associated with

A

changes in the size of arteries inside and outside of brain

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8
Q

symptoms of a migraine

A

constant throbbing/ pulsating pain, in the temples, may be accompanied by nausea or vomiting, sensitivity to light/noise

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9
Q

What part of the brain is there an aura when a speech jumbles occur

A

the broc of the brain

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10
Q

What causes migraines

A

caffeine (changes the diameter of the arteries), alcohol, hormonal changes/menstruation, barometric pressure

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11
Q

are migraines more common in males or females

A

females

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12
Q

Cluster headaches

A

Attacks come in groups; mostly severe and intense
1-4 headaches a day during a cluster period

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13
Q

Are cluster headaches more common in men or women

A

men - middle age 25-40

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14
Q

symptoms of cluster headaches

A

unilateral, retro-orbital, pain around one eye; sharp stabbing

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15
Q

cluster headaches precipitating factors

A

not hereditary, history of chronic smoking, alcohol, histamines

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16
Q

histamines

A

a factor of cluster headaches; are high in blood or urine after cluster headaches

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17
Q

COPD

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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18
Q

COPD - Disease of the lungs

A

emphysema
chronic bronchitis
asthma

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19
Q

Severity of COPD

A

4th leading cause of death in Canada

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20
Q

Main symptoms of COPD

A

shortness of breath
Difficult time getting air flow in
Sputum production
chest tightness

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21
Q

Sputum

A

sputum : thick sticky mucus production in the lower airways

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22
Q

Possible Medical Treatments of COPD

A

bronchodilators
Steroids
Reduce inflammation
Antibiotics
Taken more frequently because of the dramatic effect the condition can have
Oxygen

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23
Q

EMPHYSEMA

A

chronic disease which affects the ability of the patient’s lungs to exchange gases
damages and destroys lung tissue

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24
Q

what does emphysema also mean

A

inflated

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25
What happens physiologically in emphysema
Alveoli become enlarged & are destroyed, causing surrounding airways to collapse Oxygen exchange is not the same in comparison to someone with healthy lungs
26
Causes of Emphysema
late effect of chronic infection/ irritation of the bronchial tubes cigarette smoking contributes to the destructive processes
27
Chronic Bronchitis
The cells lining the inside of the bronchi are continuously inflamed inflammation of the airways = irritation irritation leads to increased production of mucus result = coughing, spitting, work hard to breathe
28
Teratogen
environmental agent that causes harm to embryo or fetus
29
Thalidomide
devastating pregnancy drug for morning sickness; caused missing body parts in babies. Exposure dictates severity
30
Prenatal development phases
1. Germinal period; 0-2 weeks (fermentation/implantation) 2. embryonic period; weeks 3-8 3. Fetal period; week 9 to birth (growth and development)
31
Germinal period
Oocyte released into uterine tube & fertilized Blastocyst attaches to endometrium wall 6 days after fertilization
32
Embryonic
Organ & support systems develop - Endoderm - Ectoderm - Mesoderm Placenta, umbilical cord, amnion develop
33
Fetal Period
Rapid growth & organ differentiation Teratogen exposure minor abnormalities & functional defects
34
Talipes
- a congenital deformity of the foot - sometimes resulting from intrauterine constriction - characterized by the unilateral or bilateral deviation of the metatarsal bones of the forefoot
35
Talipes treatment
splints, casts (ponseti method0) surgery
36
what can cause cleft lip/palette
genetic mand environmental - maternal hypoxia drugs - anything that causes a lack of oxygen (blood pressure drugs)
37
Cleft lip
separation of the two sides of the lip the separation often includes the bones of the upper jaw and/or upper gum
38
Cleft Palate
an opening in the roof of the mouth in which the two sides of the palate did not fuse
39
Spina bifida
Failure of neural tube to develop or close properly Symptoms range from: simple birthmark muscle weakness bowel/bladder problems seizures orthopedic problems
40
Chromosomal Disorders
During meiosis, problems can occur pair of chromosomes does not separate Union with normal cell 47 chromosomes
41
Down syndrome
21st chromosome has 3 or 2 chromosomes
42
Down syndrome outcomes
Mental disabilities (IQ b/t 20 and 60) Walking delayed for 1+ years Hypotonia Increase risk of heart conditions and cancers
43
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Y sex chromosome from father combines with two X chromosomes from mother born with, but usually presents at puberty
44
Klinefelter’s Syndrome features
Tall, lanky build Depression Infertility (difficulty with reproduction; not unable to) Intellectual difficulties
45
Turner’s Syndrome
complete or partial absence of one of the two X chromosomes very rare Only females appears to occur at random
46
Features of turners syndrome
very short stature lack of ovarian development Sterility; not able to conceive a child Webbed neck CV, kidney and thyroid problems skeletal disorders hearing/vision disorders
47
what is the most common fatal hereditary disorder in canada
cistic fibrosous
48
Cystic Fibrosis
Inherited disease that affects sodium channels in the body and causes respiratory and digestive problems
49
CF lung problems
build up of thick mucus makes it difficult to clear bacteria and leads to cycles of infection and inflammation
50
CF in the digestive tract
there is an absence of pancreatic enzymes required to breakdown and absorb fats
51
CF diagnosis
poor growth bowel disturbances chronic coughing/wheezing recurrent pneumonia
52
CF complications
diabetes chronic pancreatitis ostopenia / osteoporosis congenital absence the vas deferens liver disease Cardiorespiratory complications most common cause of death
53
CF treatment
Positive Expiratory Pressure (PEP) mask used to loosen mucus taking pancreatic enzymes with all meals to aid digestion taking nutritional supplements and vitamins antibiotics Exercise Lung transplantation Ilbuprofen for children between the ages of 5 and 13 years.
54
Sickle cell disease
Inherited genetic abnormality of RBC Possess one normal gene (Hb-A) & one abnormal gene (Hb-S) Asymptomatic
55
SCT in detail
Child inherits two abnormal Hb genes RBC change shape to sickle shape Clumping of RBC’s
56
SCT treatment
RBC transfusion & drugs less blood can reach that part of body tissue does not receive normal blood flow — eventually becomes damaged
57
SCT complications
Anemia Jaundice formation of gallstones Lung tissue damage pain stroke organ damage
58
what causes the yellow in jaundice
Bilirubin increases as red blood cell decrease; cause yellow
59
Multiple Sclerosis
Changes in white matter of nerve fibers—brain and spinal cord Slowly progressing disease that may result in total incapacitation
60
Parkinsons Disease
Degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the basal ganglia
61
Parkinsons risk/ cause factors
increased age Free radicals Genetic Predisposition 1/5 PD cases Chemical Exposure Certain pesticides linked to development of PD Neurotoxins MPTP model
62
4 primary symptoms of Parkinsons disease
bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity and posture instability
63
Secondary symptoms of parkinsons
Difficulty swallowing, dementia, micrographia, hypophonia etc. Micrographia: small writing (consistency impacted) Hypophonia: low voice
64
Freezing of Gait
Often occurs in confined spaces – ie. doorways, closets etc. or when turning
64
Freezing of Gait
Often occurs in confined spaces – ie. doorways, closets etc. or when turning
65
FOG causes
Muscle co-contraction? Impaired timing? Perceptual link?
66
FOG/PD treatments
Drugs Levadopa + Carbadopa (Sinemet) Most effective in treating bradykinesia and rigidity Surgery Stimulation Surgery (Deep Brain Stimulation) Implantation of electrode into basal ganglia to inactivate region
67
FOG/PD treatments
Drugs Levadopa + Carbadopa (Sinemet) Most effective in treating bradykinesia and rigidity Surgery Stimulation Surgery (Deep Brain Stimulation) Implantation of electrode into basal ganglia to inactivate region
68
FOG/PD treatments
Drugs Levadopa + Carbadopa (Sinemet) Most effective in treating bradykinesia and rigidity Surgery Stimulation Surgery (Deep Brain Stimulation) Implantation of electrode into basal ganglia to inactivate region

HE101 (8 decks)

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