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ped 216 > Midterm 2 Terms > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

latent Period

A

Delay between muscle AP, and start of muscle tension

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2
Q

Summation

A

high frequency of action potentials increases force generated by a single muscle fibre

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3
Q

Type I muscle fibres

A

Slow twitch (red muscle, known as red meat)

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4
Q

Typer II A/ II B muscle fibers

A

Type II A - fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic fibers

Type II B - Fast-twitch glycolytic fibres

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5
Q

Motor unit

A

one motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates

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6
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

modified endoplasmic reticulum that wraps around each myofibril

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7
Q

T tubules

A

t tubules dive deep into the muscle fibre which allows action potentials to move rapidly from the surface of the cell into the interior of the fibre so that they reach the terminal cisternae

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8
Q

neuromuscular junction

A
  • At the neuromuscular junction, ACh is always excitatory and always causes the muscle to contract
  • ACh released from motor neurons converted to an electrical signal in the muscle fibre
  • in order to prevent muscle contraction, we have to prevent the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
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9
Q

latent period

A

the delay between muscle AP & start of muscle tension

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10
Q

myosin light chain phosphate

A

dephosphorylation of myosin light chain decrease myosin light chain activity

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11
Q

calmodulin

A

binding protein

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12
Q

electromechanical coupling

A
  • contraction initiated by electrical signals

- leads to Ca+ entry into the cell

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13
Q

pharmacomechanical coupling

A
  • smooth muscle contraction controlled by chemical signals without significant changes in membrane potential
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14
Q

slow-wave potential

A
  • cells exhibit cyclic depolarization and repolarization

- can result in action potential in cell that reaches threshold

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15
Q

pacemaker potential

A
  • cells that have oscillating membrane potentials can have regular depolarizations that always reach the threshold (fire an action potential)
  • creates a regular rhythm of contraction
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16
Q

nitric oxide

A

paracrine signal released from endothelial lining causing relaxation of smooth muscle

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17
Q

efferent neuron

A

carry information from the CNS to various parts of the body

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18
Q

Sensory/affarent neuron

A

carry information from sensory receptors to CNS

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19
Q

interneuron

A

neurons that lie entirely within the CNS

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20
Q

special senses

A

vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

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21
Q

somatic senses

A

touch, temperature, pain, itch, proprioception

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22
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

respond to mechanical energy

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23
Q

thermoreceptor

A

temperature

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24
Q

receptor threshold

A

change in sensory receptor membrane potential

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25
Q

receptive field

A

the physical area within which a stimulus will activate neurons

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26
Q

convergence

A

multiple presynaptic neurons provide signals to a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons

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27
Q

second/third-order neurons

A

bring information into the thalamus, but sometimes directly to the cortex

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28
Q

thalamus

A

relay station

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29
Q

perceptual threshold

A

level of stimulus intensity required for you to be aware of the sensation (is the threshold for conscious awareness)

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30
Q

habituation

A

decreased perception of a stimulus

31
Q

lateral inhibition

A

the strongest signal drowns out signals next to it when one receptor is activated

32
Q

tonic receptors

A

are slowly adapting.
- they fire rapidly at first
slow and maintain firing as long as a stimulus is present

33
Q

phasic receptors

A

rapidly adapting receptors

- fire when the stimulus is first received, stop if the strength of the stimulus is constant

34
Q

plasticity

A

a region can expand with use

35
Q

deep somatic pain

A

felt in skeletal muscles

36
Q

visceral pain

A

heart & internal organs; poorly localized, can sometimes be felt in areas far removed from the site of the stimulus

37
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

38
Q

eustachian tube

A

eustachian tube blocks off the middle ear. however, it does open periodically to allow the pressure in the middle ear to equilibrate with the pressure in the atmosphere during actions such as chewing, yawning, and swallowing

39
Q

incus, malleus, stapes

A

the 3 middle ear bones are connected to one another with hinges

40
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

leads from inner ear to the brain, transmits both hearing and equilibrium information the brain

41
Q

oval window

A

seperate fluid filled cochlea from air filled middle ear

42
Q

hair cells

A

sense movement of endlymph in various directions

43
Q

sound transduction

A

Sound waves are translated to mechanical vibrations, which gets converted to fluid waves, this then gets converted to an electrical signal, which will trigger an action potnetial in primary auditory neuron

44
Q

cochlea

A

membranous tube shaped like a snail shell, with sensory receptors for hearing

45
Q

pitch

A

frequency of sound waves

46
Q

Amplitude

A

a higher amplitude = louder

47
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

sound cannot pass through external or middle ear

48
Q

central hearing loss

A

damage to neural pathways (eg. stroke)

49
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

damage to the inner ear structure (eg. death of hair cells due to loud noise).
- NOT REVERSIBLE

50
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

structure within the ear that is responsible for equilibrium

51
Q

otolith membrane

A

fibrous structure located in the vestibular system of the inner ear

52
Q

pupil

A

opening where light enters (black spot in the iris)

53
Q

lens

A

transparent disk for focusing light

54
Q

aqueous humor

A

plasm like fluid, that fills chamber in front of lens

55
Q

ciliary muscle

A

adjusts lens shape for focus

56
Q

sclera

A

outer wall of eyeball (connective tissues), white part of the eye

57
Q

phototransduction

A

photoreceptors of retina (rods & cones) convert light energy into electrical signals

58
Q

binocular zone

A

central portion of the visual field

59
Q

photoreceptor

A

convert light energy into electrical signals

60
Q

proprioception

A

the awareness of where your body is in space

61
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors

62
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

right behind the motor cortex, recognizes where ascending sensory tracts originate

63
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

3cm2 patch where olfactory sensory neurons are concentrated (nasal cavity)

64
Q

autonomic/somatic reflex

A

autonomic reflexes - responses controlled by autonomic neurons
somatic reflexes - involve somatic motor neurons and skeletal muscles

65
Q

spinal/cranial reflex

A

spinal reflexes - integrated in the spinal cord; can occur without any input from the brain
cranial reflexes - reflexes integrated in the brain

66
Q

innate/learned reflex

A

innate - we are born with them (knee jerk)

learned - acquired through experience

67
Q

mono/polysynaptic reflex

A

monosynaptic - a single synapse between two neurons in a pathway - there is a sensory neuron and an a efferent neuron somatic neuron

polysynaptic - complex, extensive branching in CNS; multiple interneurons. there are at least 2 synapse.

68
Q

skeletal muscle reflex

A

Proprioceptors - afferent signal - central nervous system - efferent signal - muscle - contraction

69
Q

muscle spindle

A
  • responds to a stretch. send information to the spinal cord
70
Q

Golgi tendons

A
  • respond to muscle tension.

causes relaxation of the muscle

71
Q

muscle tone

A

a resting muscle still has tension

72
Q

flexion reflex

A

polysynaptic reflex pathways that cause withdrawal from noxious stimuli

73
Q

central pattern generator

A

will maintain repetitive activity

ped 216 (11 decks)

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