Midterm 2 Lecture 14 Flashcards
What is microbiota
The collection of microganisms living in a particular environment
Ex) eukaryotes, archaea,bacteria,and viruses
What is amplicon sequencing
A way to identify bacteria by sequencing one region of one gene which is the 16S rRNA gene
What is a variable region in DNA
The DNA sequence is unique between bacteria
What is conserved region in DNA
The same DNA sequence through all bacteria
What is a micro biome
It shows what microbes are there and what they’re doing
How is a micro biome determined
By sequencing a whole genome of all the bacteria present called metagenome
How much bacteria can be present in the gastrointestinal tract
100 trillion and 500-1000 species and they contribute to 1-3% of the body mass
What relationship does the bacteria have with the body
Commensal ( one benefits and the other isn’t harmed)
What influences the gut microbiota
Diet,antibodies, disease,genetics,and age
How many different microbial species are there in humans
10,000
How many more genes do bacteria have than the host
100x more and can perform functions host can’t
Is the micrbome in humans static or dynamic
Dynamic ( always moving around)
What is the metabolic function of microbes
They can make vitamins and amino acids and break down carbohydrates
What structural and histological function of microbes
Help with the growth of enterocytes and development of villi
They also contribute to the mucus layer
What protective functions do microbes have
Suppresse the growth of pathogens and keeps them form colonizing the gut
And innate the Immune system
Where are the aerobic organisms in the GI tract
Upper GI tract
Where are anaerobic organisms in the GI tract
In the lower GI tract
What enables the rumen to use all the present nutrients in the forage
Bacteria,Protozoa,fungai
What does rumen bacteria do
Make volatile fatty acids
What does the bacteria present in the rumen make
Cellulase which breaks cellulose
What do microbes use to grow and what do they do with that energy
They use glucose as a energy source and to grow it helps them make volatile fatty acids
Are volatile fatty acids a main source of energy for ruminants
Yes
What are the 3 volatile fatty acids(short chain fatty acids)
Acetic acid (acetate) - 2 carbons
Propionic acid (propionate)- 3 carbons
Butyric acid ( butyrate)- 4 carbons
What volatile acid is the majority in ruminant species
Acetic acid (acetate)
What happens to propionate right out of the rumen
They go to liver and propionate makes glucose
Which is the main source of glucose
What happens to acetate and butyrate straight out of the rumen
They’re building blocks for fatty acids and used for energy
Muscle it makes protein
Adipose makes fat
Mammary gland makes fat and lactose
What does the ph of the rumen influence
What type of microbes will be in the rumen
What bacteria is favored in the Rumen if the ph >(greater than) 6
Microbes that can break down the cellulose which is called cellulolytic Bacteria
What bacteria is favored in the Rumen if the ph <(less than) 6
It favors bacteria that can break down starch Called amylolytic bacteria
What type of bacteria is favored if the ph is less than <5
It depresses Protozoa
What happens when there’s higher concentrate than forage
The PH drops immensely and then acetate goes too low and propionate goes too high which makes more milk but fat drops. This happens because there’s not enough acetate to make the milk fat
What is milk fat depression
When there isn’t enough fat in teh milk because there isn’t enough acetate
What’s developed if the ph is too low in the rumen
Acidosis which causes diaherrea,liver absenstaces
How does the rumen bacteria make protien
Starch gets broken down to —> violate fatty acids —->then grows to make protein and amino acids
What makes ammonia
Non protein nitrogen
Where does protein from the rumen go to
The small intestine
What can rumen bacteria do to fat
Modify it in an animals diet
What does rumen bacteria do to triglycerides
Break apart the molecules which makes glycerol and 3 fatty acids which is called hydrolysis
What is biohydrogentation
They take a un saturated fatty acid and add hydrogen to it which makes it saturated
Is the fat eaten the same that goes into circulation
No
Where does the break down of plant material happen in non ruminants
In the large intestine
What goes on the higher part of the colon( proximal)
High concentration,active bacterial growth, carb fermentation,and high short chain fatty acids
What goes on in the lower part of the Colon(distal)
Low concentration , slow bacterial growth, protein fermentation, low short fatty acid production
