Midterm 2 Lecture 14

Question 1

What is microbiota

Answer 1

The collection of microganisms living in a particular environment
Ex) eukaryotes, archaea,bacteria,and viruses

Question 2

What is amplicon sequencing

Answer 2

A way to identify bacteria by sequencing one region of one gene which is the 16S rRNA gene

Question 3

What is a variable region in DNA

Answer 3

The DNA sequence is unique between bacteria

Question 4

What is conserved region in DNA

Answer 4

The same DNA sequence through all bacteria

Question 5

What is a micro biome

Answer 5

It shows what microbes are there and what they’re doing

Question 6

How is a micro biome determined

Answer 6

By sequencing a whole genome of all the bacteria present called metagenome

Question 7

How much bacteria can be present in the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 7

100 trillion and 500-1000 species and they contribute to 1-3% of the body mass

Question 8

What relationship does the bacteria have with the body

Answer 8

Commensal ( one benefits and the other isn’t harmed)

Question 9

What influences the gut microbiota

Answer 9

Diet,antibodies, disease,genetics,and age

Question 10

How many different microbial species are there in humans

Answer 10

10,000

Question 11

How many more genes do bacteria have than the host

Answer 11

100x more and can perform functions host can’t

Question 12

Is the micrbome in humans static or dynamic

Answer 12

Dynamic ( always moving around)

Question 13

What is the metabolic function of microbes

Answer 13

They can make vitamins and amino acids and break down carbohydrates

Question 14

What structural and histological function of microbes

Answer 14

Help with the growth of enterocytes and development of villi
They also contribute to the mucus layer

Question 15

What protective functions do microbes have

Answer 15

Suppresse the growth of pathogens and keeps them form colonizing the gut
And innate the Immune system

Question 16

Where are the aerobic organisms in the GI tract

Answer 16

Upper GI tract

Question 17

Where are anaerobic organisms in the GI tract

Answer 17

In the lower GI tract

Question 18

What enables the rumen to use all the present nutrients in the forage

Answer 18

Bacteria,Protozoa,fungai

Question 19

What does rumen bacteria do

Answer 19

Make volatile fatty acids

Question 20

What does the bacteria present in the rumen make

Answer 20

Cellulase which breaks cellulose

Question 21

What do microbes use to grow and what do they do with that energy

Answer 21

They use glucose as a energy source and to grow it helps them make volatile fatty acids

Question 22

Are volatile fatty acids a main source of energy for ruminants

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

What are the 3 volatile fatty acids(short chain fatty acids)

Answer 23

Acetic acid (acetate) - 2 carbons
Propionic acid (propionate)- 3 carbons
Butyric acid ( butyrate)- 4 carbons

Question 24

What volatile acid is the majority in ruminant species

Answer 24

Acetic acid (acetate)

Question 25

What happens to propionate right out of the rumen

Answer 25

They go to liver and propionate makes glucose
Which is the main source of glucose

Question 26

What happens to acetate and butyrate straight out of the rumen

Answer 26

They’re building blocks for fatty acids and used for energy
Muscle it makes protein
Adipose makes fat
Mammary gland makes fat and lactose

Question 27

What does the ph of the rumen influence

Answer 27

What type of microbes will be in the rumen

Question 28

What bacteria is favored in the Rumen if the ph >(greater than) 6

Answer 28

Microbes that can break down the cellulose which is called cellulolytic Bacteria

Question 29

What bacteria is favored in the Rumen if the ph <(less than) 6

Answer 29

It favors bacteria that can break down starch Called amylolytic bacteria

Question 30

What type of bacteria is favored if the ph is less than <5

Answer 30

It depresses Protozoa

Question 31

What happens when there’s higher concentrate than forage

Answer 31

The PH drops immensely and then acetate goes too low and propionate goes too high which makes more milk but fat drops. This happens because there’s not enough acetate to make the milk fat

Question 32

What is milk fat depression

Answer 32

When there isn’t enough fat in teh milk because there isn’t enough acetate

Question 33

What’s developed if the ph is too low in the rumen

Answer 33

Acidosis which causes diaherrea,liver absenstaces

Question 34

How does the rumen bacteria make protien

Answer 34

Starch gets broken down to —> violate fatty acids —->then grows to make protein and amino acids

Question 35

What makes ammonia

Answer 35

Non protein nitrogen

Question 36

Where does protein from the rumen go to

Answer 36

The small intestine

Question 37

What can rumen bacteria do to fat

Answer 37

Modify it in an animals diet

Question 38

What does rumen bacteria do to triglycerides

Answer 38

Break apart the molecules which makes glycerol and 3 fatty acids which is called hydrolysis

Question 39

What is biohydrogentation

Answer 39

They take a un saturated fatty acid and add hydrogen to it which makes it saturated

Question 40

Is the fat eaten the same that goes into circulation

Answer 40

No

Question 41

Where does the break down of plant material happen in non ruminants

Answer 41

In the large intestine

Question 42

What goes on the higher part of the colon( proximal)

Answer 42

High concentration,active bacterial growth, carb fermentation,and high short chain fatty acids

Question 43

What goes on in the lower part of the Colon(distal)

Answer 43

Low concentration , slow bacterial growth, protein fermentation, low short fatty acid production