Midterm Flashcards
Animal behavior
How animal reacts to things natural
Ethology
The study of animal behavior
Animal welfare
The well being and care of animals
What does fitness mean in animals
Survival and reproduction
Questions like:
Can it survive, how many offspring survived,
What contributes to reproduction fitness
Finding a mate and provide for its kids
Contributions to survival fitness
Food,shelter, avoid being killed
What r proximate question
How questions
Ex) what causes the behavior ( mechanism)
How does the behavior develop over the life time
What r ultimate questions
The why
What is the function of the behavior/ why is it needed
How does the behavior develop through generations
What is the reason of aggression in bulls
Testosterone
What is immunocastatrtion
A vaccination to block GnRH to prevent the rest of testosterone process
What is the behavior called before birth
Nesting
What is the word for when the mom starts to show interest in other offspring
Responsiveness
What is it called after birth behavior
Discrimination meaning only invests in her offspring
How many days before does the animal start nesting
1-3 days
What is precocial young
Stand soon after birth, have fur,can see and hear right away
What is altricial young
Not fully developed cant see right away depend on the mom longer
An ex is cats
What are follower species
The young follows the mom to go find food
What is hider species
The young is left a safe space and then bring food
What is a crèche
A cow nursery group
What do hiders do when their older
Live in the crèche with other claves, knows how to run from predators,and be with the mom
What is ad libitun sampling
Collecting data in the animals we can see
What is focal sampling
Collecting data on specific animals in a group
What is continuous sampling
Watch a given time frame and note everything that happens
What is instantaneous sampling
When predefined intervals are given and not looking every mintue
What is zero one sampling
Collect data within an interval
What is spermatogenesis
The production of sperm
What is Oogeneis
The production of eggs
Where is sperm and testrome produced in the male
The testis
What does the epididymis do
Covers the extirior part of the testicales and matures the sperm
Where does sperm travel through to get to the ampulla
The vas deferens
Where does semen and urine leave from males
The pelvic urethra
What are the accessory glands in males
Ampulla, seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral gland
What do accessory glands do
Keep sperm alive, sectraete vitamins, energy, buffers
What animals have the ampulla that are rapid ejacultaors
Bull, stallion, ram, sheep
What does the scrotum do
Covers the testicales and cools them down
What muscle causes sigmoid flexure to straighten out
The ischio cavernous muscle
Where are the Testis in the male bird
Inside the body by the kidney
What is male penis for birds
The cloaca
Where does ursine and feces and sperm come out in birds
The cloaca
Do birds have accessory glands
No
What is the pampiniform plexus
A collection of blood vessels and arteries and they are heat exchangers
How are testis attached to the abdomen
By the spermatic cord
Where in the testis is sperm made
Seminiferous tubule
Where does go after the seminiferous tubules in the testis
Rete testis
Where does sperm go to mature in the testis
Through the epididymis and then to the vas deferens
Where are Sertoli cells and what do they do
The line the outer edge of the seminiferous tubules and help the sperm matagoma become sperm by making a barrier to the blood stream and and makes sure it makes it to the lumen
What makes testromone in the testis
The leydig cells
What is the endocrine system
Regulates body functions with hormones
What are hormones
Mediators of biological events
What produces hormones
Endocrine cells that go in the blood stream to differ t target tissues
What type of hormone is peptide hormones and what do they do
Chemical regulators, they’re protein hormones and they get to the surface of cells and trigger genes getting expressed or not
What type of hormone is steroid hormones and what do they do
They’re chemical regulators and they bind directly to the dna and affect gene expression
The hypothalamus and pituitary is a part of what system
The endocrine system which is glands that make and secrete hormones into the bloodstream
What is the hypothalamus attached to and what happens
It’s Attached to the pituitary and releasing hormones are made to go to the pituitary and get acted on by the releasing hormones producing the hormones needed by the body p.
What are somatotropin cells
They are in the anterior pituitary and make the growth hormone
What are corticosterone cells
They’re in the anterior pituitary and they make steroid hormone called Adrenocorticotropic (acth) for the production of cortisol a part of the stress response
What are thyrotrope cells
They’re in the anterior pituitary. They make thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) it’s involved with the function of thyroid in the animal
What are the lactotrope cells
They’re in the anterior pituitary. They make a hormone Called prolactin which helps with lactation
What are gonadotrope cells
They’re in the anterior pituitary. It makes gonatropins which is FSH and LH which acts on the ovaries and testis
What hormone is made in the posterior pituitray
Oxytocin it’s involved with birthing process and milk let down
What are gonatropins and what do they do
They’re responsible for the production of sperm and egg
What does FSH do and what type of hormone is it
It’s a gonatropin called follicle stimulating hormone e. In the male the Sertoli cells get stimulated
What does LH do and what type of hormone is it
It’s a gonadotropin hormone called lutenizing hormone . It acts on the leydig cells to stimulate testosterone
What does GNRH do and what type of hormone is it
It’s a gonadoropin called gonadotropin releasing hormone. It’s released by the hypothalamus and produces FSH and LH
When does gnrh start to produce in males
When it hits puberty
What controls hormones
By the feedback system
, controls what hormones are being made and which time
How does negative feedback back work
Stops a product from the pathway to proceed
How does positive feedback work
Somewhere in the pathway causes more of a product to be made
What does testerone help with when it gets to the blood stream
Development of the reproductive track and its maintenance . Helps build biggger bones and muscle mass and behavior
What happens when testosterone gets too high
There’s a negative fed back at the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus to block production GNRH and FSH and LH
What is does a diploid cell do
, it supports the replication of spermatogonium
When does meiosis happen
Only for this sperm and egg it make a diploid cell into a haploid cell to have half of the chromosomes
When do chromosomes double from the diploid cell
When they’re in miosis 1 in the primary spermatocyte and then divide to go to different cells
When do the sister chromtaives divide
In miosis 2 ending with haploid spermatids
Where in the sperm is the dna
In the nucleus which is in the bead of the sperm
What is the acrosome
It’s surrounds the head of sperm and made from a collection of enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the egg
What does the mid piece of the sperm hold
The mitochondria which is the sperm energy
Is spermatogenis a continuous process
Yes once the animal reaches puberty it’s constant and happens in waves
What is boat taint
And gross smell and taste in pig meat that hasn’t been castrated
Why does boat taint happen
This other derivative of testosterone called androstenedione but it hangs out in the liver that then meets with the skatole which comes from digestive tract and ends up in the fat tissue
What is the smallest and largest cell in the body
Sperm is the smallest cell and the egg is the largest cell
What is the name of the cell membrane for the egg
Zona pellucida
What does the infundibulum do in females
It’s a skin that surrounds that the ovary and catches the egg when it’s ovulated and funnels it to the oviduct
Where do eggs get fertilized
In the oviduct
Where does the egg go after the oviduct and what happens there
Into the uterus where embryo and fetal development happens
What is the cervix
A barrier that protects the uterus by staying tightly closed
Where does the cervix open up to and what happens
Opens to the vagina and that’s where the baby comes out to go to the vulva
What is a bicornuate uterus
When there is uterine horns. This can be seen in pigs and cows
What is a simplex uterus
When there is no uterine horns like in humans
What is a duplex uterus
They have 2 cirvices
Is it true females are born with all the eggs they’re going to ever have
True
What does the infundumblin do in birds
It catches the egg and also fertilizes
Where does the egg in birds after getting fetalized
To the magnum where albumin( the white part of the egg) is added to the egg
Where does a fertilized egg in a bird go after the magnum
To the isthmus where the shell membrane gets added
Where does the egg in birds go after the isthmus
To the egg gland where the egg gets its pigment
Where does the egg last,y go before leaving through the cloaca in birds
The vagina
What is the name of site of egg production
Oogenesis
What structure holds the egg in females and where estrogen and progesterone are made
The follicles
What is name of the cells that are supposed to become eggs
Oogonium
What is it called when the oogonium goes into meiosis 1
It’s in the primary oocyte and the cells divides
What is the polar body cell and what happens to the other daughter cell in females
The polar body leads to a dead end and the other cell ends up with bulk of cytoplasm
What is miosis 2 in female egg production
Secondary oocyte and it breaks that daughter cells again making the second polar body cell and the ovum
When does oogensis for females start
Before birth(so starts in the grandmother) all that happens is they start mitosis and enter meiosis 1
What happens after ovulation in meiosis 2
The process freezes again and meiosis only completes if the egg gets fertilized
Where does the egg live
In the cortex the outer region of the ovary
What is the middle of ovary called
Medulla that’s where all the blood and veins are
What is the primordial follicle
A layer of not organized cells
What is primary follicles
The cells surrounding the egg become organized
What is secondary follicles
More layers of cells get addded to the follicle surrounding the egg
What are tertiary follicles
A antrum or cavity forms which has fluids to nourish the egg and communicate with the follicle
What is the Antral follicale ir grafian follicle
It ruptured and releases a second egg
What is the corpus luteum
If the animal isn’t pregnant the CL gets broken down making the corpus Albican
What is the source of estrogen
The follicle
What is the source of progesterone
The corpus lithium
What do cumulus cell do
Communicate with the follicle and egg during fertilization and have chemical attractants in it for the sperm
How is androgens made in females
LH acts on theca cells and then becomes gransulosa cells
How is estrogen made in females
Fsh acts on granulosa cells
What does the theca cells do with the granusola cell after ovulation
Transform into the corpus lithium and make luteal cells overall making progesterone
What happens when estrogen levels get too high in females
Negative feedback happens and it goes to the hypothamulus and the anterior pituitary
What happens right before ovulation with positive feedback
There’s so much estrogen that positive feedback happens saying to make more GNRH, fsh and LH .Over all making more estrogen and being a LH surge ovulating the egg
What does negative feedback of progesterone do
It goes to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary to lower Fsh and prevent more follicles from developing
If the female isn’t pregnant what happens
The cl is luteolysis which is when it break downs and then progesterone levels drop and negative feedback doesn’t happen
What does it mean to be polyestrous
To ovulate many times a year for example cows and pigs
What does it mean to be seasonally poly estrous
To only Breed during certain times of year for example goat and sheep in the fall
What is it to be monesterous
To ovulate once a year
What is to be a reflex ovulator
To ovulate when they’re Breeding
What is it to be anestrous
To not be in estrous like when the female is pregnant there’s no more eggs
What happens first day of the estrous cycle
Ovulation happens There will be a narrow follicle that just ovulated and an old corpus luteum
What happens 2-4 days of the estrous cycle
Make a new corpus lithium and the old one is becoming a corpus albican
What happens 5-15 days of the estrous cycle
The corpus luteum is mature making progesterone
What happens 16-20 days of the estrous cycle
If the animal is pregnant the embryo will block the release of prostaglandin but if not pregnant I’ll release prostaglandin. also the the CL is finally removed
What happens 21 days of the estrous cycle
The follicle becomes mature and restarts
What is the luteal phase in females
When Cl is present in the estrous cycle
What is the luteolysis phase in females
Name for Cl getting broken down
What is the follicular phase in the female
When follicles start growing right before ovulation
What’s the name of the phase after ovulation
Metestrus when cl is forming
What is the stage name of teh mature cl
Diestrus
What’s the stage name when Cl is regressed
Proestrus
What is the stage name of when the animal is in standing heat
Estrus
What is he definition of fertilization
The physical union of male and female gametes of sperm and ova in an animal
What is the embryonic stage
When the embryo gets fertilized up to when the organs are formed
What is the fetal stage
Once all the organs exist up to the fetus birth, 2/3 growth happens in that stage
What is get name of a egg that has been fertilized
A zygote
What is pronuclei
DNA from the sperm and egg
How many Cells are there when the zygote divides before blastocyst
16 that gave blastomere in the cells
What is a morula
When individual blastomeres can’t be identified anymore during the embryo development
What is a blastocyst
The making of two types of cells
What is a blastocoel in the embryo
The first opening in the embryo for later development
What are Trophoblast cell
They form the fetal side of the placenta
What is Inner cell mass
The part that makes the individual placenta
What is a hatched blastocyst
The zona pellucida cracks allowing for the embryo to keep growing
What is needed for establishment of pregnancy
Prevention of the prostaglandin from regressing the cl
What is needed to keep up with the matinee of the pregnancy
Progesterone to prevent uterine contractions
What is made to block prostaglandin in humans and horses
The early embryo makes chorionic gonadotropin which is similar to Lh. By making the cl to keep making progesterone
What does the early embryo secrete in ruminant species to keep a pregnancy
With interferon tau It does it by preventing prostaglandin being made
What does the early embryo secrete in ruminant species to keep a pregnancy
With estrogen blocking prostaglandin being able to travel to the ovary
What does the early embryo secrete in species like dogs to keep a pregnancy
By being monestrus so there always in the luteal phase meaning progesterone will always be high
What is the name of iner most of the fetal membrane
The amnion which is a fluid bubble that surrounds and cushions the fetus
What is the yolk sac in the fetal membrane
A source of blood cells and primordial germ cells
What is the chorion and Allston is in the fetal membrane
The chorion is the outer layer that’s going to be next to get uterine wall
, the allantonis is the inner layer where waste and gas exchange happens
What animal has the diffuse placenta
Horse and pig meaning that fetal membrane attaches all across uterus
What animal has the cotyledonary placenta
Ruminants have attachment points called carnelces which is attachment points for the embryo membrane
What animal has a discoid type of placenta
Primates and rodents meaning there’d one huge attachment between membranes and uterus
What animals have a zonary placenta
Cats and dogs where the contact point is circular structure that goes all around
What is the name of the connection point of a off spring and dam
Placentome
How is progesterone lowered to then have
Partuation happen
The fetus releases cortisol
What softens the cervix for partit
Relaxin
