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Ans > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Animal behavior

A

How animal reacts to things natural

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2
Q

Ethology

A

The study of animal behavior

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3
Q

Animal welfare

A

The well being and care of animals

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4
Q

What does fitness mean in animals

A

Survival and reproduction
Questions like:

Can it survive, how many offspring survived,

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5
Q

What contributes to reproduction fitness

A

Finding a mate and provide for its kids

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6
Q

Contributions to survival fitness

A

Food,shelter, avoid being killed

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7
Q

What r proximate question

A

How questions
Ex) what causes the behavior ( mechanism)
How does the behavior develop over the life time

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8
Q

What r ultimate questions

A

The why
What is the function of the behavior/ why is it needed
How does the behavior develop through generations

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9
Q

What is the reason of aggression in bulls

A

Testosterone

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10
Q

What is immunocastatrtion

A

A vaccination to block GnRH to prevent the rest of testosterone process

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11
Q

What is the behavior called before birth

A

Nesting

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12
Q

What is the word for when the mom starts to show interest in other offspring

A

Responsiveness

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13
Q

What is it called after birth behavior

A

Discrimination meaning only invests in her offspring

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14
Q

How many days before does the animal start nesting

A

1-3 days

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15
Q

What is precocial young

A

Stand soon after birth, have fur,can see and hear right away

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16
Q

What is altricial young

A

Not fully developed cant see right away depend on the mom longer
An ex is cats

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17
Q

What are follower species

A

The young follows the mom to go find food

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18
Q

What is hider species

A

The young is left a safe space and then bring food

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19
Q

What is a crèche

A

A cow nursery group

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20
Q

What do hiders do when their older

A

Live in the crèche with other claves, knows how to run from predators,and be with the mom

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21
Q

What is ad libitun sampling

A

Collecting data in the animals we can see

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22
Q

What is focal sampling

A

Collecting data on specific animals in a group

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23
Q

What is continuous sampling

A

Watch a given time frame and note everything that happens

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24
Q

What is instantaneous sampling

A

When predefined intervals are given and not looking every mintue

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25
Q

What is zero one sampling

A

Collect data within an interval

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26
Q

What is spermatogenesis

A

The production of sperm

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27
Q

What is Oogeneis

A

The production of eggs

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28
Q

Where is sperm and testrome produced in the male

A

The testis

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29
Q

What does the epididymis do

A

Covers the extirior part of the testicales and matures the sperm

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30
Q

Where does sperm travel through to get to the ampulla

A

The vas deferens

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31
Q

Where does semen and urine leave from males

A

The pelvic urethra

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32
Q

What are the accessory glands in males

A

Ampulla, seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral gland

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33
Q

What do accessory glands do

A

Keep sperm alive, sectraete vitamins, energy, buffers

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34
Q

What animals have the ampulla that are rapid ejacultaors

A

Bull, stallion, ram, sheep

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35
Q

What does the scrotum do

A

Covers the testicales and cools them down

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36
Q

What muscle causes sigmoid flexure to straighten out

A

The ischio cavernous muscle

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37
Q

Where are the Testis in the male bird

A

Inside the body by the kidney

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38
Q

What is male penis for birds

A

The cloaca

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39
Q

Where does ursine and feces and sperm come out in birds

A

The cloaca

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40
Q

Do birds have accessory glands

A

No

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41
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus

A

A collection of blood vessels and arteries and they are heat exchangers

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42
Q

How are testis attached to the abdomen

A

By the spermatic cord

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43
Q

Where in the testis is sperm made

A

Seminiferous tubule

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44
Q

Where does go after the seminiferous tubules in the testis

A

Rete testis

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45
Q

Where does sperm go to mature in the testis

A

Through the epididymis and then to the vas deferens

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46
Q

Where are Sertoli cells and what do they do

A

The line the outer edge of the seminiferous tubules and help the sperm matagoma become sperm by making a barrier to the blood stream and and makes sure it makes it to the lumen

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47
Q

What makes testromone in the testis

A

The leydig cells

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48
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Regulates body functions with hormones

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49
Q

What are hormones

A

Mediators of biological events

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50
Q

What produces hormones

A

Endocrine cells that go in the blood stream to differ t target tissues

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51
Q

What type of hormone is peptide hormones and what do they do

A

Chemical regulators, they’re protein hormones and they get to the surface of cells and trigger genes getting expressed or not

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52
Q

What type of hormone is steroid hormones and what do they do

A

They’re chemical regulators and they bind directly to the dna and affect gene expression

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53
Q

The hypothalamus and pituitary is a part of what system

A

The endocrine system which is glands that make and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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54
Q

What is the hypothalamus attached to and what happens

A

It’s Attached to the pituitary and releasing hormones are made to go to the pituitary and get acted on by the releasing hormones producing the hormones needed by the body p.

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55
Q

What are somatotropin cells

A

They are in the anterior pituitary and make the growth hormone

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56
Q

What are corticosterone cells

A

They’re in the anterior pituitary and they make steroid hormone called Adrenocorticotropic (acth) for the production of cortisol a part of the stress response

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57
Q

What are thyrotrope cells

A

They’re in the anterior pituitary. They make thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) it’s involved with the function of thyroid in the animal

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58
Q

What are the lactotrope cells

A

They’re in the anterior pituitary. They make a hormone Called prolactin which helps with lactation

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59
Q

What are gonadotrope cells

A

They’re in the anterior pituitary. It makes gonatropins which is FSH and LH which acts on the ovaries and testis

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60
Q

What hormone is made in the posterior pituitray

A

Oxytocin it’s involved with birthing process and milk let down

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61
Q

What are gonatropins and what do they do

A

They’re responsible for the production of sperm and egg

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62
Q

What does FSH do and what type of hormone is it

A

It’s a gonatropin called follicle stimulating hormone e. In the male the Sertoli cells get stimulated

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63
Q

What does LH do and what type of hormone is it

A

It’s a gonadotropin hormone called lutenizing hormone . It acts on the leydig cells to stimulate testosterone

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64
Q

What does GNRH do and what type of hormone is it

A

It’s a gonadoropin called gonadotropin releasing hormone. It’s released by the hypothalamus and produces FSH and LH

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65
Q

When does gnrh start to produce in males

A

When it hits puberty

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66
Q

What controls hormones

A

By the feedback system
, controls what hormones are being made and which time

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67
Q

How does negative feedback back work

A

Stops a product from the pathway to proceed

68
Q

How does positive feedback work

A

Somewhere in the pathway causes more of a product to be made

69
Q

What does testerone help with when it gets to the blood stream

A

Development of the reproductive track and its maintenance . Helps build biggger bones and muscle mass and behavior

70
Q

What happens when testosterone gets too high

A

There’s a negative fed back at the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus to block production GNRH and FSH and LH

71
Q

What is does a diploid cell do

A

, it supports the replication of spermatogonium

72
Q

When does meiosis happen

A

Only for this sperm and egg it make a diploid cell into a haploid cell to have half of the chromosomes

73
Q

When do chromosomes double from the diploid cell

A

When they’re in miosis 1 in the primary spermatocyte and then divide to go to different cells

74
Q

When do the sister chromtaives divide

A

In miosis 2 ending with haploid spermatids

75
Q

Where in the sperm is the dna

A

In the nucleus which is in the bead of the sperm

76
Q

What is the acrosome

A

It’s surrounds the head of sperm and made from a collection of enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the egg

77
Q

What does the mid piece of the sperm hold

A

The mitochondria which is the sperm energy

78
Q

Is spermatogenis a continuous process

A

Yes once the animal reaches puberty it’s constant and happens in waves

79
Q

What is boat taint

A

And gross smell and taste in pig meat that hasn’t been castrated

80
Q

Why does boat taint happen

A

This other derivative of testosterone called androstenedione but it hangs out in the liver that then meets with the skatole which comes from digestive tract and ends up in the fat tissue

81
Q

What is the smallest and largest cell in the body

A

Sperm is the smallest cell and the egg is the largest cell

82
Q

What is the name of the cell membrane for the egg

A

Zona pellucida

83
Q

What does the infundibulum do in females

A

It’s a skin that surrounds that the ovary and catches the egg when it’s ovulated and funnels it to the oviduct

84
Q

Where do eggs get fertilized

A

In the oviduct

85
Q

Where does the egg go after the oviduct and what happens there

A

Into the uterus where embryo and fetal development happens

86
Q

What is the cervix

A

A barrier that protects the uterus by staying tightly closed

87
Q

Where does the cervix open up to and what happens

A

Opens to the vagina and that’s where the baby comes out to go to the vulva

88
Q

What is a bicornuate uterus

A

When there is uterine horns. This can be seen in pigs and cows

89
Q

What is a simplex uterus

A

When there is no uterine horns like in humans

90
Q

What is a duplex uterus

A

They have 2 cirvices

91
Q

Is it true females are born with all the eggs they’re going to ever have

A

True

92
Q

What does the infundumblin do in birds

A

It catches the egg and also fertilizes

93
Q

Where does the egg in birds after getting fetalized

A

To the magnum where albumin( the white part of the egg) is added to the egg

94
Q

Where does a fertilized egg in a bird go after the magnum

A

To the isthmus where the shell membrane gets added

95
Q

Where does the egg in birds go after the isthmus

A

To the egg gland where the egg gets its pigment

96
Q

Where does the egg last,y go before leaving through the cloaca in birds

A

The vagina

97
Q

What is the name of site of egg production

A

Oogenesis

98
Q

What structure holds the egg in females and where estrogen and progesterone are made

A

The follicles

99
Q

What is name of the cells that are supposed to become eggs

A

Oogonium

100
Q

What is it called when the oogonium goes into meiosis 1

A

It’s in the primary oocyte and the cells divides

101
Q

What is the polar body cell and what happens to the other daughter cell in females

A

The polar body leads to a dead end and the other cell ends up with bulk of cytoplasm

102
Q

What is miosis 2 in female egg production

A

Secondary oocyte and it breaks that daughter cells again making the second polar body cell and the ovum

103
Q

When does oogensis for females start

A

Before birth(so starts in the grandmother) all that happens is they start mitosis and enter meiosis 1

104
Q

What happens after ovulation in meiosis 2

A

The process freezes again and meiosis only completes if the egg gets fertilized

105
Q

Where does the egg live

A

In the cortex the outer region of the ovary

106
Q

What is the middle of ovary called

A

Medulla that’s where all the blood and veins are

107
Q

What is the primordial follicle

A

A layer of not organized cells

108
Q

What is primary follicles

A

The cells surrounding the egg become organized

109
Q

What is secondary follicles

A

More layers of cells get addded to the follicle surrounding the egg

110
Q

What are tertiary follicles

A

A antrum or cavity forms which has fluids to nourish the egg and communicate with the follicle

111
Q

What is the Antral follicale ir grafian follicle

A

It ruptured and releases a second egg

112
Q

What is the corpus luteum

A

If the animal isn’t pregnant the CL gets broken down making the corpus Albican

113
Q

What is the source of estrogen

A

The follicle

114
Q

What is the source of progesterone

A

The corpus lithium

115
Q

What do cumulus cell do

A

Communicate with the follicle and egg during fertilization and have chemical attractants in it for the sperm

116
Q

How is androgens made in females

A

LH acts on theca cells and then becomes gransulosa cells

117
Q

How is estrogen made in females

A

Fsh acts on granulosa cells

118
Q

What does the theca cells do with the granusola cell after ovulation

A

Transform into the corpus lithium and make luteal cells overall making progesterone

119
Q

What happens when estrogen levels get too high in females

A

Negative feedback happens and it goes to the hypothamulus and the anterior pituitary

120
Q

What happens right before ovulation with positive feedback

A

There’s so much estrogen that positive feedback happens saying to make more GNRH, fsh and LH .Over all making more estrogen and being a LH surge ovulating the egg

121
Q

What does negative feedback of progesterone do

A

It goes to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary to lower Fsh and prevent more follicles from developing

122
Q

If the female isn’t pregnant what happens

A

The cl is luteolysis which is when it break downs and then progesterone levels drop and negative feedback doesn’t happen

123
Q

What does it mean to be polyestrous

A

To ovulate many times a year for example cows and pigs

124
Q

What does it mean to be seasonally poly estrous

A

To only Breed during certain times of year for example goat and sheep in the fall

125
Q

What is it to be monesterous

A

To ovulate once a year

126
Q

What is to be a reflex ovulator

A

To ovulate when they’re Breeding

127
Q

What is it to be anestrous

A

To not be in estrous like when the female is pregnant there’s no more eggs

128
Q

What happens first day of the estrous cycle

A

Ovulation happens There will be a narrow follicle that just ovulated and an old corpus luteum

129
Q

What happens 2-4 days of the estrous cycle

A

Make a new corpus lithium and the old one is becoming a corpus albican

130
Q

What happens 5-15 days of the estrous cycle

A

The corpus luteum is mature making progesterone

131
Q

What happens 16-20 days of the estrous cycle

A

If the animal is pregnant the embryo will block the release of prostaglandin but if not pregnant I’ll release prostaglandin. also the the CL is finally removed

132
Q

What happens 21 days of the estrous cycle

A

The follicle becomes mature and restarts

133
Q

What is the luteal phase in females

A

When Cl is present in the estrous cycle

134
Q

What is the luteolysis phase in females

A

Name for Cl getting broken down

135
Q

What is the follicular phase in the female

A

When follicles start growing right before ovulation

136
Q

What’s the name of the phase after ovulation

A

Metestrus when cl is forming

137
Q

What is the stage name of teh mature cl

A

Diestrus

138
Q

What’s the stage name when Cl is regressed

A

Proestrus

139
Q

What is the stage name of when the animal is in standing heat

A

Estrus

140
Q

What is he definition of fertilization

A

The physical union of male and female gametes of sperm and ova in an animal

141
Q

What is the embryonic stage

A

When the embryo gets fertilized up to when the organs are formed

142
Q

What is the fetal stage

A

Once all the organs exist up to the fetus birth, 2/3 growth happens in that stage

143
Q

What is get name of a egg that has been fertilized

A

A zygote

144
Q

What is pronuclei

A

DNA from the sperm and egg

145
Q

How many Cells are there when the zygote divides before blastocyst

A

16 that gave blastomere in the cells

146
Q

What is a morula

A

When individual blastomeres can’t be identified anymore during the embryo development

147
Q

What is a blastocyst

A

The making of two types of cells

148
Q

What is a blastocoel in the embryo

A

The first opening in the embryo for later development

149
Q

What are Trophoblast cell

A

They form the fetal side of the placenta

150
Q

What is Inner cell mass

A

The part that makes the individual placenta

151
Q

What is a hatched blastocyst

A

The zona pellucida cracks allowing for the embryo to keep growing

152
Q

What is needed for establishment of pregnancy

A

Prevention of the prostaglandin from regressing the cl

153
Q

What is needed to keep up with the matinee of the pregnancy

A

Progesterone to prevent uterine contractions

154
Q

What is made to block prostaglandin in humans and horses

A

The early embryo makes chorionic gonadotropin which is similar to Lh. By making the cl to keep making progesterone

155
Q

What does the early embryo secrete in ruminant species to keep a pregnancy

A

With interferon tau It does it by preventing prostaglandin being made

156
Q

What does the early embryo secrete in ruminant species to keep a pregnancy

A

With estrogen blocking prostaglandin being able to travel to the ovary

157
Q

What does the early embryo secrete in species like dogs to keep a pregnancy

A

By being monestrus so there always in the luteal phase meaning progesterone will always be high

158
Q

What is the name of iner most of the fetal membrane

A

The amnion which is a fluid bubble that surrounds and cushions the fetus

159
Q

What is the yolk sac in the fetal membrane

A

A source of blood cells and primordial germ cells

160
Q

What is the chorion and Allston is in the fetal membrane

A

The chorion is the outer layer that’s going to be next to get uterine wall
, the allantonis is the inner layer where waste and gas exchange happens

161
Q

What animal has the diffuse placenta

A

Horse and pig meaning that fetal membrane attaches all across uterus

162
Q

What animal has the cotyledonary placenta

A

Ruminants have attachment points called carnelces which is attachment points for the embryo membrane

163
Q

What animal has a discoid type of placenta

A

Primates and rodents meaning there’d one huge attachment between membranes and uterus

164
Q

What animals have a zonary placenta

A

Cats and dogs where the contact point is circular structure that goes all around

165
Q

What is the name of the connection point of a off spring and dam

A

Placentome

166
Q

How is progesterone lowered to then have
Partuation happen

A

The fetus releases cortisol

167
Q

What softens the cervix for partit

A

Relaxin

Ans (8 decks)

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