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Bio 150B > Midterm 2 - DNA Replication and Gene Expression > Flashcards

Midterm 2 - DNA Replication and Gene Expression Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

semi-conservative replication

A
  • DNA synthesis
  • two original strands of molecule separate
  • each strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new, complementary strand
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2
Q

DNA polymerase III

A
  • make more DNA
  • primary enzyme complex
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3
Q

DNA polymerase I

A
  • make more DNA
  • prokaryotes
  • replication and repair
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3
Q

primase

A
  • enzyme
  • synthesizes RNA primer
  • new synthesis
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4
Q

ribonucleotides

A
  • building blocks of RNA
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5
Q

deoxyribonucleotides

A
  • nucleotide
  • contains deoxyribose as its sugar
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6
Q

origin of replication

A
  • genome
  • where replication is initiated
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7
Q

replication fork

A
  • Y-shaped structure
  • formed during initiation of replication
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8
Q

helicase

A
  • during replication
  • enzyme
  • helps to open up the DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds
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9
Q

single-stranded DNA binding protein

A
  • during replication
  • protein that binds to the single-stranded DNA
  • keeps two strands apart so that they can serve as templates
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10
Q

template strand

A
  • DNA strand
  • specifies the complementary mRNA molecule
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11
Q

RNA primer

A
  • made by primase
  • short stretch of nucleic acid
  • complementary to the template
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11
Q

DNA ligase

A
  • repair DNA damage
  • joining of breaks in backbone of duplex DNA
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12
Q

leading strand

A
  • synthesized continuously in the 5’-3’ direction
  • in direction of replication fork
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13
Q

lagging strand

A
  • during replication
  • replicated in short fragments and away from the replication fork
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14
Q

okazaki fragments

A
  • DNA fragment
  • synthesized in short stretches on the lagging strand
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15
Q

DNA polymerase I proofreading

A
  • polymerase detects an incorrectly paired nucleotide
  • removes and replaces nucleotide
15
Q

exonuclease activity

A
  • act as proof-readers during DNA polymerization
16
Q

central dogma

A
  • states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of proteins
17
Q

codon

A
  • 3 consecutive nucleotides in mRNA
  • specify the insertion of an amino acid or the release of a polypeptide chain during translation
18
Q

transcription

A
  • generation of new copy of DNA in cell
  • converting DNA into messenger RNA
19
Q

non-template strand

A
  • not used to transcribe mRNA
  • identical to the mRNA except that T nucleotides in DNA are replaced by U nucleotides in mRNA
20
Q

promoter

A
  • DNA sequence
  • RNA polymerase and associated factors bind and initiate transcription
21
Q

TATA box

A
  • conserved promoter sequence in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
  • helps establish the initiation site for transcription
22
Q

transcription initiation complex

A
  • determine whether gene is expressed
22
Q

termination of transcription

A
  • final step of transcription
  • required for preventing the inappropriate transcription of downstream genes
23
Q

pre-mRNA

A
  • first form of RNA created through transcription in protein synthesis
  • primary transcript of eukaryotic mRNA as it comes off the DNA template
24
Q

RNA processing

A
  • processed before functional
25
Q

intron

A
  • non-protein-coding intervening sequences
  • spliced from mRNA during processing
26
Q

exon

A
  • sequence present in protein-coding mRNA after completion of pre-mRNA splicing
26
Q

5’ cap

A
  • specially altered nucleotide
  • vital in creation of stable and mature messenger RNA
27
Q

poly-A tail

A
  • modification added to 3’ end of pre-mRNAs
  • to protect mRNA from the degradation and assist mRNA export from the nucleus
28
Q

polyadenylation signal

A
  • sequence motif recognised by the RNA cleavage complex
29
Q

translation

A
  • process of converting the genetic info from mRNA into a sequence of amino acids or proteins
30
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A
  • transfer info from DNA to the cell machinery that makes proteins
31
Q

transfer RNA (rRNA)

A
  • temporary carriers of amino acids
32
Q

anticodon

A
  • 3-nucleotide sequence in tRNA molecule
  • corresponds to an mRNA codon
33
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

A
  • enzyme
  • “charges” rRNA molecules by catalyzing a bond between the tRNA and a corresponding amino acid
34
Q

polypeptide elongation cycle

A
  • amino acids brought to the ribosome by tRNAs and linked together to form a chain
35
Q

reading frame

A
  • sequence of triplet codons in mRNA
  • specify a particular protein
  • a ribosome shift of one or two nucleotides in either direction abolishes synthesis of that protein
36
Q

STOP codon

A
  • trinucleotide sequence within a messenger RNA molecule
  • signals a halt to protein synthesis

Bio 150B (10 decks)

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