Midterm 1 - Cells Flashcards
1
Q
cell theory
A
- one or more cells comprise all organism
- cell = basic unit of life
- new cells arise from existing cells
2
Q
light microscopy
A
- standard microscope
- beam of light
- light passes through lens to see specimen
3
Q
transmission electron microscopy
A
- magnifies object
- electron beam
4
Q
centrifugation
A
- separating molecules with different densities
- spin them in solution around an axis, at high speed
5
Q
genetics
A
- heredity and inherited characteristics
6
Q
surface/volume ratio
A
- ratio decreases when cell size increases
- ratio decreases when sphericity increases
7
Q
gene expression products
A
- proteins
- non-coding RNA
7
Q
prokaryotic cells
A
- smaller
- no membrane bound compartments
- unicellular
- no nucleus
8
Q
eukaryotic cells
A
- bigger
- true nucleus
- membrane bound nucleus and compartments
8
Q
membrane-bound compartments
A
- endoplasmic reticulum
- golgi apparatus
- nucleus
- mitochondria
- lysosomes
9
Q
nucleus
A
- cell organelle
- cell’s DNA
- directs ribosome and protein synthesis
9
Q
cytoskeleton
A
- protein fiber network
- maintains cell shape
- secures organelles in specific positions
- cytoplasm and vesicles move
- unicellular organism move independently
10
Q
plasma membrane
A
- phospholipid bilayer
- embedded or attached proteins
- separates cell’s internal content from environment
11
Q
selective barrier
A
- allows some things through, stops others
- molecules, ions, small particles
11
Q
nuclear envelope
A
- double-membrane structure
- nucleus’ outer portion
12
Q
chromatin
A
- protein-DNA complex
- chromosomes building material
12
Q
chromosomes
A
- structure within nucleus
- comprises chromatin that contains DNA, hereditary material
12
Q
nucleolus
A
- in nucleus
- darkly staining body
- assembles ribosome subunits
13
Q
ribosome
A
- cellular structure
- protein synthesis
- RNA and proteins
13
Q
ribosome subunits
A
- small subunit
- large subunit
14
Q
ribosomal RNA
A
- forms protein-synthesizing organelle
- helps translate info in messenger RNA into protein
14
Q
free ribosomes
A
- unattached to a membrane
- synthesize all other proteins encoded by nuclear genome
14
Q
bound ribosomes
A
- attached to cytosolic side of ER membrane
- synthesis of proteins translocated into ER
14
Q
endomembrane system
A
- group of organelles and membranes
- eukaryotic
- modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids and proteins
14
Q
rough ER
A
- studded with ribosomes
- protein modification
- phospholipid synthesis
14
Q
smooth ER
A
- few or no ribosomes
- synthesizes carbs, lipids, and steroid hormones
- detoxifies chemicals
- stores calcium ions
15
Q
transmembrane proteins
A
- inserted into phospholipid bilayer
- specialized membrane functions
15
Q
secreted proteins
A
- any protein secreted by a cell
- hormones, enzymes, toxins, and antimicrobial peptides
16
Q
transport vesicles
A
- move material from one part of cell to another
- proteins and other molecules
- move to golgi apparatus
16
Q
golgi apparatus
A
- cell organelle
- process and package proteins and lipid molecules
16
Q
lysosomes
A
- animal cell organelle
- cell’s digestive component
- breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and worn-out organells
17
Q
vacuole
A
- membrane-bound sac
- larger than a vesicle
- cellular storage and transport
17
Q
mitochondrion
A
- cellular organelles
- carries out cellular respiration
- produces ATP, cell’s main energy-carrying molecule
18
Q
inner and outer mitochondrial membranes
A
- inner: transport of hydrogen ions
- outer: prevents escape of ions
19
Q
electron transport chain
A
- series of protein complexes and molecules
- transfer electrons
20
Q
intermembrane space
A
- space between or involving two or more membranes
- H+ accumulation
21
Q
mitochondrial genome
A
- own genome and gene expression
-37 genes
21
Q
plastids
A
- subcellular organelles
- specialized functions in plant cells
- photosynthesis
- storage of metabolites
22
Q
chloroplast
A
- plant cell organelle
- photosynthesis
23
Q
inner and outer chloroplast membranes
A
- outer: permeable to small organic molecules
- inner: less permeable, studded with transport proteins
24
Q
thylakoid membrane
A
- internal system
- interconnected membranes
- light reactions of photosynthesis
24
Q
stroma
A
- cells and tissues
- support and give structure to organs, glands, or other tissues in the body
24
Q
chloroplast DNA
A
- circular genome
- 120,000-247,000 nucleotides
25
Q
intermediate filaments
A
- cytoskeleton
- several fibrous protein intertwined strands
- supports cell-cell junctions
- anchors cell to extracellular structures
25
Q
microtubules
A
- cytoskeleton
- widest element
- helps cell resist compression
- vesicles move through cell
- structural element of centrioles, flagella, and cilia
26
Q
alpha and beta tubulin
A
- isotopes
- differ in amino acid sequence encoded by different genes
- polymerize into microtubules
27
Q
ATP dependent motor proteins
A
- drive ATP-dependent motion of organelles along cytoskeletal filaments
- necessary for homeostasis and secretion
28
Q
cilia
A
- short, hair-like structure
- extends from plasma membrane in large numbers
- moves and entire cell or substances along cell’s outer surface
29
Q
flagella
A
- long, hair-like structure
- extends from plasma membrane
- moves the cell
30
Q
microfilaments
A
- cytoskeleton
- narrowest element
- rigidity and shape to cell
- enables cellular movements
31
Q
actin
A
- most abundant protein in eukaryotic cells
- protein-protein interactions
32
Q
myosin
A
- prototype of molecular motor
- converts chemical energy (ATP) to mechanical energy
33
Q
plant cell wall
A
- extracellular matrix
- encloses each cell in a plant
34
Q
cellulose
A
- long linear polysaccharide polymer
- in structural cell wall tissues
35
Q
plasmodesmata
A
- channel
- passes between adjacent plant cells’ walls
- connects cytoplasm
- allows material transportation from cell to cell
36
Q
tight junctions
A
- protein adherence
- creates firm seal between 2 adjacent animal cells
37
Q
desmosomes
A
- linkages between adjacent epithelial cells
- form when cadherins in plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments
38
Q
gap junctions
A
- channel between 2 adjacent animal cells
- allows ions, nutrients, and low molecular weight substances to pass between cells
- allows cells to communicate
39
Q
extracellular matrix
A
- material secreted from animal or fungal cells
- provides mechanical protection and anchoring for cells in tissue
40
Q
glycoproteins
A
- carry N- and O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate chains of complex structures and functions
41
Q
collagen
A
- most abundant protein in our body
- strength
42
Q
glycolipids
A
- carbohydrate attached lipids
- associated with cell membranes
- provide energy
- markers for cellular recognition
