Midterm 1 - Biological Molecules Flashcards
1
Q
life force
A
- life = relational concept
- cause evolution and development of organisms
2
Q
covalent bond
A
- strong
- 2 atoms, same or different elements
- electrons shared
3
Q
ionic bond
A
- chemical bond
- ions with opposite charges
4
Q
electrostatic attraction
A
- positive nucleus and negatively charge electrons surrounding
- greater positive charge = greater effective nuclear charge
5
Q
van der waals interactions
A
- weak interaction between molecules
- temporary changes attracting atoms close together
- partial positive and negative
6
Q
hydrogen bond
A
- weak
- slightly positive hydrogen atom
- slightly negative atoms in other molecules
7
Q
electronegativity
A
- ability to attract electrons
- acquire partial negative charges in molecules
- created partial positive charge on hydrogen atoms
8
Q
polar bonds
A
- covalent
- unequal electron sharing
- slightly positive
- slightly negative
9
Q
chemical reaction
A
- rearrangement of atoms in molecules
- breaking bonds
- forming bonds
9
Q
bond breakage
A
- input of energy
- higher temp
10
Q
bond formation
A
- energy output
10
Q
polarity of water molecules
A
- positive hydrogen
- negative oxygen
- water molecules attracted to each other
11
Q
cohesiveness of water molecules
A
- hydrogen bonds
- high heat capacity
12
Q
solubility in water
A
- most proteins
- water molecules associate with other uncharged molecules … will dissolve
13
Q
carbon skeletons
A
- organic molecules
- carbon-carbon atoms
- branched
- straight chain
- rings
14
Q
functional groups
A
- group of atoms
- provides specific function to a carbon skeleton
15
Q
monomer
A
- smallest unit of larger molecules that are polymers
16
Q
polymer
A
- chain of monomer residues
- formed by dehydration reactions
- broken up by hydrolysis reaction
17
Q
dehydration reaction
A
- attachment of one monomer to another
- loss/release of equivalent of one molecule of water
18
Q
hydrolysis reaction
A
- breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
- utilizes water
19
Q
carbohydrate
A
- biological macromolecule
- ration of carbon-hydrogen-oxygen = 1:2:1
- simple sugar
19
Q
monosaccharide
A
- single unit or monomer of carbs
- 3-7 carbon atoms
20
Q
Carb forms
A
- ring
- straight chain
21
Q
Haworth projection
A
- method used to show 3D stereochemistry of saacharides
22
Q
precursor
A
- compound
- chemical reaction, produces another compound
23
Q
disaccharide
A
- 2 monosaccharides, or sugar monomers
- attached by dehydration reaction
24
Q
glycosidic linkage
A
- bond formed by dehydration reaction
- 2 monosaccharides
- eliminating a water molecule
25
Q
oligosaccharide
A
- carbs
- 3-10 single sugar residues
26
Q
polysaccharide
A
- long chain of monosaccharides
- branched or unbranched
27
Q
starch
A
- storage carbohydrate in plants
(potato has starch = plant)
28
Q
glycogen
A
- storage carbohydrate in animals
29
Q
amylase
A
- enzymes
- hydrolyze (break up by hydrolysis) starch and glycogen
30
Q
cellulose
A
- polysaccharide
- plant cell wall
- structural support
(plant jail cell)
31
Q
cellulase
A
- enzymes
- hydrolyze cellulose
- we can’t digest
32
Q
lipid
A
- macromolecule
- non polar
- insoluble in water
- hydrocarbon and some oxygen
33
Q
fatty acid
A
- amphipathic molecule
- hydrophilic carboxyl group
- unbranched, hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain
33
Q
cis and trans double bonds
A
- cis = same connectivity of atoms
- trans = isomers have molecules with same side groups placed on opposite sides
34
Q
triacylglycerol
A
- fat molecule
- 3 fatty acids
- linked to glycerol molecule
35
Q
fats
A
- solid at room temp
- animals
- no double bonds
36
Q
oils
A
- liquid at room temp
- plants
- double bonds
37
Q
amphipathic
A
- hydrophobic and hydrophilic part
38
Q
bilayer
A
- film or membrane
- 2 molecular layers
39
Q
micelle
A
- spherical amphiphilic structure
- hydrophobic core
- hydrophilic shell
- water soluble
40
Q
steroid
A
- lipid
- 4 fused hydrocarbon rings
- forms planar structure
41
Q
protein
A
- biological macromolecule
- one or more amino acid chains
42
Q
amino acid
A
- polymers composed of monomers
43
Q
amino group
A
- functional group
- one nitrogen and two hydrogens
- covalent bond
44
Q
carboxyl group
A
- combo of two functional groups
- single carbon atom and carbonyl
45
Q
peptide bond
A
- 2 amino acids
- dehydration reaction
46
Q
oligopeptide
A
- oligo = a few
- 2 - 20 amino acids
47
Q
amino terminus
A
- N-terminus
48
Q
carboxyl terminus
A
- C-terminus
49
Q
primary structure
A
- linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
- one dimensional
50
Q
secondary structure
A
- regular structure
- intramolecular hydrogen bonding between oxygen atom and hydrogen
51
Q
tertiary structure
A
- 3-D conformation
- interactions between secondary elements
- formed from interactions between amino acid side chains
52
Q
quaternary structure
A
- association of discrete polypeptide subunits in a protein
53
Q
nucleic acid
A
- biological macromolecule
- carries cell’s genetic blueprint
- carries instructions for the cell’s functioning
54
Q
DNA
A
- double-stranded helix
- stabilized by base stacking and complementary base pairing
55
Q
RNA
A
- single-strand
- complementary base pairing
- some double-helix regions
56
Q
base
A
- stacked
- C and N
- rings
57
Q
sugar
A
- Ribose (Rna)
- Deoxyribose (Dna)
58
Q
phosphate group
A
- phosphorus atom
- four oxygen atoms
- makes up nucleic acids
59
Q
nucleoside
A
- ribose or deoxyribose sugar
- structure of RNA and DNA
60
Q
nucleotide
A
- monomer of nucleic acids
- pentose of sugar
- one or more phosphate groups
- nitrogenous base
61
Q
polynucleotide strand
A
- long chain of nucleotides
62
Q
complementary base pairing
A
- bases pair in consistent way
63
Q
antiparallel
A
- strands run in opposite directions, parallel to each other
64
Q
glycoprotein
A
- compound containing carbohydrate covalently linked to protein
65
Q
vitamin
A
- organic molecules
- essential to an organism
- small quantities
- proper metabolic function
66
Q
secondary metabolite
A
- compounds
- not needed for growth or reproduction
- for selective advantages
