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Bio 150B > Midterm 1 - Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - Biological Molecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

life force

A
  • life = relational concept
  • cause evolution and development of organisms
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2
Q

covalent bond

A
  • strong
  • 2 atoms, same or different elements
  • electrons shared
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3
Q

ionic bond

A
  • chemical bond
  • ions with opposite charges
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4
Q

electrostatic attraction

A
  • positive nucleus and negatively charge electrons surrounding
  • greater positive charge = greater effective nuclear charge
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5
Q

van der waals interactions

A
  • weak interaction between molecules
  • temporary changes attracting atoms close together
  • partial positive and negative
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6
Q

hydrogen bond

A
  • weak
  • slightly positive hydrogen atom
  • slightly negative atoms in other molecules
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7
Q

electronegativity

A
  • ability to attract electrons
  • acquire partial negative charges in molecules
  • created partial positive charge on hydrogen atoms
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8
Q

polar bonds

A
  • covalent
  • unequal electron sharing
  • slightly positive
  • slightly negative
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9
Q

chemical reaction

A
  • rearrangement of atoms in molecules
  • breaking bonds
  • forming bonds
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9
Q

bond breakage

A
  • input of energy
  • higher temp
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10
Q

bond formation

A
  • energy output
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10
Q

polarity of water molecules

A
  • positive hydrogen
  • negative oxygen
  • water molecules attracted to each other
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11
Q

cohesiveness of water molecules

A
  • hydrogen bonds
  • high heat capacity
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12
Q

solubility in water

A
  • most proteins
  • water molecules associate with other uncharged molecules … will dissolve
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13
Q

carbon skeletons

A
  • organic molecules
  • carbon-carbon atoms
  • branched
  • straight chain
  • rings
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14
Q

functional groups

A
  • group of atoms
  • provides specific function to a carbon skeleton
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15
Q

monomer

A
  • smallest unit of larger molecules that are polymers
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16
Q

polymer

A
  • chain of monomer residues
  • formed by dehydration reactions
  • broken up by hydrolysis reaction
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17
Q

dehydration reaction

A
  • attachment of one monomer to another
  • loss/release of equivalent of one molecule of water
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18
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A
  • breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
  • utilizes water
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19
Q

carbohydrate

A
  • biological macromolecule
  • ration of carbon-hydrogen-oxygen = 1:2:1
  • simple sugar
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19
Q

monosaccharide

A
  • single unit or monomer of carbs
  • 3-7 carbon atoms
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20
Q

Carb forms

A
  • ring
  • straight chain
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21
Q

Haworth projection

A
  • method used to show 3D stereochemistry of saacharides
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22
Q

precursor

A
  • compound
  • chemical reaction, produces another compound
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23
Q

disaccharide

A
  • 2 monosaccharides, or sugar monomers
  • attached by dehydration reaction
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24
Q

glycosidic linkage

A
  • bond formed by dehydration reaction
  • 2 monosaccharides
  • eliminating a water molecule
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25
Q

oligosaccharide

A
  • carbs
  • 3-10 single sugar residues
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26
Q

polysaccharide

A
  • long chain of monosaccharides
  • branched or unbranched
27
Q

starch

A
  • storage carbohydrate in plants
    (potato has starch = plant)
28
Q

glycogen

A
  • storage carbohydrate in animals
29
Q

amylase

A
  • enzymes
  • hydrolyze (break up by hydrolysis) starch and glycogen
30
Q

cellulose

A
  • polysaccharide
  • plant cell wall
  • structural support
    (plant jail cell)
31
Q

cellulase

A
  • enzymes
  • hydrolyze cellulose
  • we can’t digest
32
Q

lipid

A
  • macromolecule
  • non polar
  • insoluble in water
  • hydrocarbon and some oxygen
33
Q

fatty acid

A
  • amphipathic molecule
  • hydrophilic carboxyl group
  • unbranched, hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain
33
Q

cis and trans double bonds

A
  • cis = same connectivity of atoms
  • trans = isomers have molecules with same side groups placed on opposite sides
34
Q

triacylglycerol

A
  • fat molecule
  • 3 fatty acids
  • linked to glycerol molecule
35
Q

fats

A
  • solid at room temp
  • animals
  • no double bonds
36
Q

oils

A
  • liquid at room temp
  • plants
  • double bonds
37
Q

amphipathic

A
  • hydrophobic and hydrophilic part
38
Q

bilayer

A
  • film or membrane
  • 2 molecular layers
39
Q

micelle

A
  • spherical amphiphilic structure
  • hydrophobic core
  • hydrophilic shell
  • water soluble
40
Q

steroid

A
  • lipid
  • 4 fused hydrocarbon rings
  • forms planar structure
41
Q

protein

A
  • biological macromolecule
  • one or more amino acid chains
42
Q

amino acid

A
  • polymers composed of monomers
43
Q

amino group

A
  • functional group
  • one nitrogen and two hydrogens
  • covalent bond
44
Q

carboxyl group

A
  • combo of two functional groups
  • single carbon atom and carbonyl
45
Q

peptide bond

A
  • 2 amino acids
  • dehydration reaction
46
Q

oligopeptide

A
  • oligo = a few
  • 2 - 20 amino acids
47
Q

amino terminus

A
  • N-terminus
48
Q

carboxyl terminus

A
  • C-terminus
49
Q

primary structure

A
  • linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
  • one dimensional
50
Q

secondary structure

A
  • regular structure
  • intramolecular hydrogen bonding between oxygen atom and hydrogen
51
Q

tertiary structure

A
  • 3-D conformation
  • interactions between secondary elements
  • formed from interactions between amino acid side chains
52
Q

quaternary structure

A
  • association of discrete polypeptide subunits in a protein
53
Q

nucleic acid

A
  • biological macromolecule
  • carries cell’s genetic blueprint
  • carries instructions for the cell’s functioning
54
Q

DNA

A
  • double-stranded helix
  • stabilized by base stacking and complementary base pairing
55
Q

RNA

A
  • single-strand
  • complementary base pairing
  • some double-helix regions
56
Q

base

A
  • stacked
  • C and N
  • rings
57
Q

sugar

A
  • Ribose (Rna)
  • Deoxyribose (Dna)
58
Q

phosphate group

A
  • phosphorus atom
  • four oxygen atoms
  • makes up nucleic acids
59
Q

nucleoside

A
  • ribose or deoxyribose sugar
  • structure of RNA and DNA
60
Q

nucleotide

A
  • monomer of nucleic acids
  • pentose of sugar
  • one or more phosphate groups
  • nitrogenous base
61
Q

polynucleotide strand

A
  • long chain of nucleotides
62
Q

complementary base pairing

A
  • bases pair in consistent way
63
Q

antiparallel

A
  • strands run in opposite directions, parallel to each other
64
Q

glycoprotein

A
  • compound containing carbohydrate covalently linked to protein
65
Q

vitamin

A
  • organic molecules
  • essential to an organism
  • small quantities
  • proper metabolic function
66
Q

secondary metabolite

A
  • compounds
  • not needed for growth or reproduction
  • for selective advantages

Bio 150B (10 decks)

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