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Freshman Biology I H > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the processes of the scientific meathod?

A

Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Collect Data
Conclude

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2
Q

What is a control group in an experiment and what is its purpose

A

They are the group without the independent variable used for comparison

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3
Q

What is the dependent variable in an experiment?

A

The thing being affected by the independent variable

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4
Q

What is the independent variable in an experiment?

A

It is the thing changed from the control group and affects the dependent variable

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5
Q

What are constants in an experiment

A

They are things kept the same between the experimental and control groups

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6
Q

In an experiment, why are constants important

A

They reduce bias

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7
Q

What are the two types of data

A

Quantatative and Qualitative

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8
Q

What is quantitative data

A

Data about measurements or statistics

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9
Q

What is qualitative data

A

Data about characteristics

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10
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

A predicted result to an experiment

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11
Q

What is a theory

A

A conclusion made based on a collection of experiments

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12
Q

What is a law

A

A conclusion on how the natural world reacts to things happening to it

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13
Q

What does the statement “science only deals with the natural world” mean

A

Science is limited to what can be measured in our reality

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14
Q

Why is peer review important

A

If many scientists agree on a conclusion, it becomes much more credible or vice versa

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15
Q

Do scientific notation:
https://chemquiz.net/sci/

A

Yes sir sire

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16
Q

Do dimensional analysis:
https://chemquiz.net/sic/

A

Yes sir sire

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17
Q

What are the eight characteristics of life

A

Everything is made of cells
Reproduction
Taking in energy
Homeostasis
Having DNA
Responding to Environment
Growing
Evolving

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18
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

When the offspring is a copy of the parent

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19
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

When the offspring is a combination of the parents

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20
Q

What is adhesion

A

The force of water to other things

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21
Q

What is cohesion

A

The force of water to other water

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22
Q

What is activation energy

A

The minimum amount of energy required for chemical reactions

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23
Q

What is an enzyme

A

A biological catalyst

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24
Q

What role does an enzyme play in chemical reactions

A

It increases the rate of reaction and decreases the activation energy

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25
Q

What is the temperature of the human body

A

37C

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26
Q

What does pH mean

A

Power of hydrogen

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27
Q

What is the pH scale

A

The scale in which acidity and basic is measured

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28
Q

Which numbers are acids on the pH scale

A

0-6.9

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29
Q

Which numbers are bases on the pH scale

A

7.1-14

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30
Q

What are the four macromolecules of life

A

Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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31
Q

What is carb’s monomer

A

Monosaccharides

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32
Q

What are carb’s polymers

A

Disaccharides and polysaccharides

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33
Q

What are lipid’s monomers

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acid

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34
Q

What is protein’s monomer

A

Amino acid

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35
Q

What is protein’s polymer

A

Polypeptides

36
Q

What is nucleic acid’s monomer

A

Nucleotides

37
Q

What is nucleic acid’s polymer

A

DNA

38
Q

What is the function of carbs

A

Short term energy

39
Q

What is lipid’s function

A

Long term energy

40
Q

What is protein’s function

A

regulates processes and growth and repair

41
Q

What is nucleic acid’s function

A

To store and give genetic information

42
Q

What three elements are found in all macromolecules

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

43
Q

What are the four parts of an amino acid

A

Central carbon
Amino group
Carboxyl group
R group

44
Q

Which section is different in all amino acids

A

R group

45
Q

What are the three parts of cell theory

A

Cells make up all living things
Cells split to reproduce
Cells are the basic unit of life

46
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells are less complex and has less organelles (only ribosomes and no membrane bound organelles) than eukaryotic cells

47
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A part of a cell that serves a specific function

48
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

It controls the cell and stores DNA

49
Q

What is the function of the ribosome

A

To synthesize protein

50
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis with no ribosomes on the surface

51
Q

What is the function of the golgi bodies

A

transporting materials

52
Q

What is the function of the vacuole

A

storage

53
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

storing and using energy

54
Q

What is passive transport

A

Transportation of molecules requiring no energy

55
Q

What are the types of passive transport

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion

56
Q

What does diffusion do

A

moves molecules from a high to low concentration

57
Q

What does osmosis do

A

moves water molecules from a low to high concentration of solutes

58
Q

What does facilitated diffusion do

A

moves molecules from a high to low concentration needing help from protein channels

59
Q

What is active transport

A

The transportation of molecules requiring energy

60
Q

What are the types of active transport

A

Endocytosis
Exocytosis

61
Q

What does endocytosis do

A

Moves particles into the cell

62
Q

What does exocytosis do

A

Move particles out the cell

63
Q

What does hypotonic mean

A

The solution has less solutes than the cell, so water is going to enter the cell and cause the cell to burst

64
Q

What does hypertonic mean

A

The outside of the cell has more solutes than the inside, so water will leave the cell, and the cell will dehydrate or shrink

65
Q

What does isotonic mean

A

The outside and inside of the cell are equal, and water moves in and out at an equal rate

66
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The way living creatures maintain internal balence

67
Q

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis

A

6Carbon Dioxide + 6Water + Sunlight = Glucose + 6Oxygen

68
Q

What part of the plant is used in photosynthesis and why

A

The chloroplast to capture sunlight

69
Q

What are the steps of photosynthesis

A

Photosystem II
Electron Transport Chain
Photosystem I
ATP Formation

70
Q

What happens in Photosystem II and where does it take place

A

Light is absorbed by the chlorophyll, water through roots, and carbon dioxide through the stomata. Sunlight makes oxygen from water, as well as energizes electrons. In the thylakoid membrane.

71
Q

What happens in the Electron Transport Chain and where does it take place in photosynthesis

A

It brings electrons along the thylakoid membrane and uses electrons to produce the electron carrier NADPH

72
Q

What happens in Photosystem I and where does it take place

A

The electrons are reenergized in the thylakoid membrane

73
Q

What happens in ATP Formation and where does it take place

A

The electrons provide energy to produce ATP from ADP in the thylakoid membrane

74
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen = Water + Carbon Dioxide + ATP

75
Q

What are the steps of aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

76
Q

What happens in Glycolysis and where does it happen

A

Glucose enters the cytoplasm and is split into two pyruvates, making two ATP and two NADH

77
Q

What happens in the Krebs Cycle and where does it happen

A

In the mitochondrial matrix, one carbon atom is taken from each pyruvate, making CO2. The carbons rearrange and create citric acid, which is then broken down into CO2. This produces two ATP

78
Q

What happens in the Electron Transport Chain in cellular respiration and where does it happen

A

In the mitochondrial christae, electrons are used to synthesize ATP from ADP (chemiosmosis). Oxygen combines with hydrogen to make water. This generates 32 ATP.

79
Q

How much ATP is produced from cellular respiration

A

30-38

80
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Processes in respiration that don’t require oxygen to function

81
Q

What are the two types of fermentation

A

Alcohol and lactic acid fermentation

82
Q

What type of macromolecule is DNA

A

Nucleic Acid

83
Q

What are the three parts of DNA

A

Deoxyribose
Phosphorus Group
Nitrogenous Base

84
Q

What are the base-pairing rules for DNA

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine
Cytosine pairs with Guanine

85
Q

What type of bond holds together nitrogen bases in the center of DNA

A

Hydrogen Bond

Freshman Biology I H (7 decks)

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