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Freshman Biology I H > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to work

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2
Q

Examples of Energy:

A

Light, heat, electricity, and chemical energy in molecules

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3
Q

What makes up adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphates groups

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4
Q

How do you change ATP to ADP?

A

Remove one phosphate group

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5
Q

How do cells store energy?

A

By adding a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP

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6
Q

Where is energy stored?

A

ATP

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7
Q

Organisms what use energy from the sun to make their own food (sugars)

A

Autotrophs

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8
Q

Organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things

A

Heterotrophs

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9
Q

The process where plants use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen

A

Photosynthesis

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10
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + Water + Light Energy -> Glucose + Oxygen

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11
Q

What are the reactants in photosynthesis?

A

Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Light Energy

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12
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and Oxygen

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13
Q

How do plants capture energy from the sun?

A

Chlorophyll

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14
Q

Why are leaves green?

A

Chlorophylls absorb all wavelengths in sunlight except green, which is reflected.

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15
Q

Why are objects white?

A

They reflect all light

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16
Q

Why are objects black?

A

They reflect no light

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17
Q

What are chlorophylls in?

A

Chloroplasts (specificly thylacoids)

18
Q

What are flattened sacs found in chloroplasts?

A

Thylakoids

19
Q

What is the fluid portion of the chloroplasts outside of the thylakoids

A

Stroma

20
Q

What are the stacks of thylakoids?

A

Granum (Grana)

21
Q

What special “carrier” does electrons with high energy produced by chlorophyll need to transfer them to another molecule

A

NADP+

22
Q

What does NADP+ form when it combines 2e- and H+. It carries the high energy electrons produced by light absorption in chlorophyll to chemical reactions elsewhere in the cell.

A

NADPH

23
Q

part of photosynthesis that need light

A

Light Dependent Reactions

24
Q

part of photosynthesis that doesn’t need light

A

Light Independent Reactions

25
Q

Used in light dependent reactions and absorbs light energy and produces high energy electrons.

A

Photosystem II

26
Q

Used in light dependent reactions and it is a series of membrane proteins that shuttle high energy electrons along thylakoid membrane. They transfer electrons to NADP+, producing NADPH.

A

Electron Transport Chain

27
Q

Used in light dependent reactions where electrons are reenergized.

A

Photosystem I

28
Q

Used in light dependent reactions and is the difference in charge and H+ ion concentration across the membrane. Thylakoid provides the energy to make ATP.

A

Hydrogen Ion Movement/ATP Formation

29
Q

What is the path electrons take in light dependent reactions?

A

Photosystem II -> Electron Transport Chain -> Photosystem I -> Electron Transport Chain ->Hydrogen Ion Movement/ATP Formation

30
Q

Where do light independent reactions occur

A

Stroma

31
Q

Where does light independent reactions get their energy

A

Light dependent reactions

32
Q

Where does glucose go after being converted by CO2 in light independent reactions

A

It leaves the chloroplast

33
Q

What is ATP converted to in light independent reactions

A

ADP

34
Q

What is NADPH converted to in light independent reactions

A

NADP+

35
Q

What’s the Calvin Cycle?

A

The rotation of carbon molecules to make sugar during light independent reactions

36
Q

What’s the path carbon takes in the Calvin Cycle?

A

6 carbon dioxide molecules from the atmosphere combine with 6 5-carbon molecules. This produces 12 3-cabron compounds. Energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH are used to convert 2 of the 3-carbon molecules to make one glucose. The remaining 10 3-carbon molecules are converted back into 6 5-carbon forms to be used again. ADP and NADP+ is brought back to light dependent reactions to be used.

37
Q

What do light dependent reactions produce

A

ATP and NADP+

38
Q

What do light independent reactions produce

A

Glucose, ADP, and NADP+

39
Q

Do light dependent and light independent reactions happen independent of each other.

A

Yes

40
Q

What are some factors that affect photosynthesis?

A

temperature, light intensity, availability of water, and pH

41
Q

Do plants adapt to their surroundings

A

Yes

42
Q

What does stomata do?

A

Let things in and out a plant

Freshman Biology I H (7 decks)

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