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Freshman Biology I H > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

basic unit of matter

A

Atom

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2
Q

What makes up atoms?

A

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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3
Q

positive charged particle

A

Protons

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4
Q

particle with no charge

A

Neutrons

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5
Q

particles with negative charge and is in constant motion around the nucleus

A

Electrons

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6
Q

protons and neutrons that form the center of an atom

A

Nucleus

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7
Q

Atoms have an equal number of ___ and ___, which make them electrically neutral (no charge) because the opposite charges cancel out.

A

electrons and protons

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8
Q

a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

A

Element

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9
Q

refers to atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

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10
Q

a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

A

Chemical Compounds

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11
Q

formed with one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

A

Ionic bonds

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12
Q

positively and negatively charged atoms

A

Ions

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13
Q

formed when atoms share electrons

A

Covalent bonds

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14
Q

What is a water molecule?

A

a compound

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15
Q

the charges are unevenly distributed in a molecule

A

Polar molecules

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16
Q

attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and oxygen with partial negative charge

A

Hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

attraction between water molecules

A

Cohesion

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18
Q

attraction between water molecules and other substances

A

Adhesion

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19
Q

Which is stronger, cohesion or adhesion?

A

Adhesion

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20
Q

how does water get pulled up the roots and stems of plants?

A

Adhesion (Capillary Action)

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21
Q

surface tension (allows why some animals can walk on water) forms from what?

A

Cohesion

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22
Q

amount of energy needed to raise a substance’s temperature by making its molecules move faster

A

Heat Capacity

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23
Q

What makes heat capacity very high?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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24
Q

What are living things mostly composed of?

A

Water (60% of body)

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25
all components of a solution are evenly distributed
Solutions
26
substance that is dissolved
Solute
27
attracted to water ("water loving")
Hydrophilic
28
substance in which the solute dissolves
Solvent
29
What is known as the universal solvent?
Water
30
mixtures of water and undissolved materials
Suspensions
31
pH lower than 7 (Has more H+ than OH-)
Acids
32
doesn't interact with water ("water fearing")
Hydrophobic
33
pH higher than 7 (Has more OH- than H+)
Bases
34
weak acids or bases that react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH.
Buffers
35
What is used to help the body maintain a normal pH for blood. It's also used to maintain homeostasis.
Buffers
36
contains carbon
Organic
37
What element can bond with all elements?
Carbon
38
large organic molecules found in living things
Macromolecules
39
smallest units, building blocks of larger molecules.
Monomers
40
composed of many monomers
Polymers
41
process which produces macromolecules
Polymerization
42
what are the four major macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.
43
what are carbohydrates used for?
quick source of energy and structural purposes in plants
44
what are carbohydrate's monomers?
Monosaccharides
45
What are carbohydrate's polymers?
Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
46
What are examples of carbohydrates?
Bread and Noodles
47
what are lipids used for?
Long term energy storage, insulation, and forms cell membranes
48
what are lipid's monomers?
Fatty Acid Chains and Glycerol
49
what are examples of polymers of lipids?
Fats and oils
50
What is the structure of carbohydrates?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
51
What is the structure of lipids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
52
___ isn't soluble in water
Lipids
53
What are nucleic acids used for?
To store and transmit hereditary, genetic information.
54
What are nucleic acid's monomers?
Nucleotides
55
What are nucleic acid's polymers?
DNA and RNA
56
What is nucleic acid's genetic structure?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
57
What are proteins used for?
to regulate cell processes (hormones, antibodies, and enzymes), to form bones and muscles, and is responsible for growth and repair in the body.
58
What are protein's monomers?
Amino Acids
59
What is the genetic structure of proteins?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
60
What are the 4 types of Amino Acids?
Central carbon, Amino group, Carboxyl group, and R group
61
bonds that link amino acids together to form polypeptide.
Peptide Bonds
62
changes one set of chemicals into another.
Chemical Reactions
63
the elements or compounds that engage (start) in a chemical reaction
Reactants
64
the element or compounds produced by a chemical reaction (at the end)
Products
65
energy required to get a reaction started (highest part on graph)
Activation Energy
66
type of chemical reaction where energy is stored in the products (product ends up higher than reactants on graph)
Energy Absorbing Reaction
67
type of chemical reaction where energy is released (reactants ends up higher than reactants on graph)
Energy Releasing Reaction
68
biological catalysts
Enzymes
69
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction (they lower activation energy and speed up the chemical reaction)
Catalyst
70
Without ___, the chemical reactions of living things would occur too slowly to be effective
Enzymes
71
specific and unique to each reaction
R Group
72
reactants of enzyme involved reactions
Substrates
73
What conditions affect enzyme structure and function?
Temperature and pH
74
What temperature and pH do enzymes produced by human cells work best at?
7 pH and 37 degrees Celsius (normal body temperature)
75
Stomach enzyme pepsin (food in stomach) works best at a pH of ___
7
76
What are examples of protein?
Meat, Fish, and Eggs
77
11. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
Sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.
78
What are polymers of protein?
Polypeptide

Freshman Biology I H (8 decks)

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