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Freshman Biology I H > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

basic unit of matter

A

Atom

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2
Q

What makes up atoms?

A

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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3
Q

positive charged particle

A

Protons

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4
Q

particle with no charge

A

Neutrons

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5
Q

particles with negative charge and is in constant motion around the nucleus

A

Electrons

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6
Q

protons and neutrons that form the center of an atom

A

Nucleus

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7
Q

Atoms have an equal number of ___ and ___, which make them electrically neutral (no charge) because the opposite charges cancel out.

A

electrons and protons

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8
Q

a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

A

Element

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9
Q

refers to atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

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10
Q

a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

A

Chemical Compounds

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11
Q

formed with one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

A

Ionic bonds

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12
Q

positively and negatively charged atoms

A

Ions

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13
Q

formed when atoms share electrons

A

Covalent bonds

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14
Q

What is a water molecule?

A

a compound

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15
Q

the charges are unevenly distributed in a molecule

A

Polar molecules

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16
Q

attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and oxygen with partial negative charge

A

Hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

attraction between water molecules

A

Cohesion

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18
Q

attraction between water molecules and other substances

A

Adhesion

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19
Q

Which is stronger, cohesion or adhesion?

A

Adhesion

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20
Q

how does water get pulled up the roots and stems of plants?

A

Adhesion (Capillary Action)

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21
Q

surface tension (allows why some animals can walk on water) forms from what?

A

Cohesion

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22
Q

amount of energy needed to raise a substance’s temperature by making its molecules move faster

A

Heat Capacity

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23
Q

What makes heat capacity very high?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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24
Q

What are living things mostly composed of?

A

Water (60% of body)

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25
Q

all components of a solution are evenly distributed

A

Solutions

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26
Q

substance that is dissolved

A

Solute

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27
Q

attracted to water (“water loving”)

A

Hydrophilic

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28
Q

substance in which the solute dissolves

A

Solvent

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29
Q

What is known as the universal solvent?

A

Water

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30
Q

mixtures of water and undissolved materials

A

Suspensions

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31
Q

pH lower than 7 (Has more H+ than OH-)

A

Acids

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32
Q

doesn’t interact with water (“water fearing”)

A

Hydrophobic

33
Q

pH higher than 7 (Has more OH- than H+)

A

Bases

34
Q

weak acids or bases that react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH.

A

Buffers

35
Q

What is used to help the body maintain a normal pH for blood. It’s also used to maintain homeostasis.

A

Buffers

36
Q

contains carbon

A

Organic

37
Q

What element can bond with all elements?

A

Carbon

38
Q

large organic molecules found in living things

A

Macromolecules

39
Q

smallest units, building blocks of larger molecules.

A

Monomers

40
Q

composed of many monomers

A

Polymers

41
Q

process which produces macromolecules

A

Polymerization

42
Q

what are the four major macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.

43
Q

what are carbohydrates used for?

A

quick source of energy and structural purposes in plants

44
Q

what are carbohydrate’s monomers?

A

Monosaccharides

45
Q

What are carbohydrate’s polymers?

A

Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

46
Q

What are examples of carbohydrates?

A

Bread and Noodles

47
Q

what are lipids used for?

A

Long term energy storage, insulation, and forms cell membranes

48
Q

what are lipid’s monomers?

A

Fatty Acid Chains and Glycerol

49
Q

what are examples of polymers of lipids?

A

Fats and oils

50
Q

What is the structure of carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

51
Q

What is the structure of lipids?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

52
Q

___ isn’t soluble in water

A

Lipids

53
Q

What are nucleic acids used for?

A

To store and transmit hereditary, genetic information.

54
Q

What are nucleic acid’s monomers?

A

Nucleotides

55
Q

What are nucleic acid’s polymers?

A

DNA and RNA

56
Q

What is nucleic acid’s genetic structure?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus

57
Q

What are proteins used for?

A

to regulate cell processes (hormones, antibodies, and enzymes), to form bones and muscles, and is responsible for growth and repair in the body.

58
Q

What are protein’s monomers?

A

Amino Acids

59
Q

What is the genetic structure of proteins?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

60
Q

What are the 4 types of Amino Acids?

A

Central carbon, Amino group, Carboxyl group, and R group

61
Q

bonds that link amino acids together to form polypeptide.

A

Peptide Bonds

62
Q

changes one set of chemicals into another.

A

Chemical Reactions

63
Q

the elements or compounds that engage (start) in a chemical reaction

A

Reactants

64
Q

the element or compounds produced by a chemical reaction (at the end)

A

Products

65
Q

energy required to get a reaction started (highest part on graph)

A

Activation Energy

66
Q

type of chemical reaction where energy is stored in the products (product ends up higher than reactants on graph)

A

Energy Absorbing Reaction

67
Q

type of chemical reaction where energy is released (reactants ends up higher than reactants on graph)

A

Energy Releasing Reaction

68
Q

biological catalysts

A

Enzymes

69
Q

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction (they lower activation energy and speed up the chemical reaction)

A

Catalyst

70
Q

Without ___, the chemical reactions of living things would occur too slowly to be effective

A

Enzymes

71
Q

specific and unique to each reaction

A

R Group

72
Q

reactants of enzyme involved reactions

A

Substrates

73
Q

What conditions affect enzyme structure and function?

A

Temperature and pH

74
Q

What temperature and pH do enzymes produced by human cells work best at?

A

7 pH and 37 degrees Celsius (normal body temperature)

75
Q

Stomach enzyme pepsin (food in stomach) works best at a pH of ___

A

7

76
Q

What are examples of protein?

A

Meat, Fish, and Eggs

77
Q
  1. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
A

Sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.

78
Q

What are polymers of protein?

A

Polypeptide

Freshman Biology I H (7 decks)

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