MIDTERM 05 - Biotechnology Flashcards
Involves using living organisms, or the products of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem
Biotechnology
Main genetic material of DNA (Prokaryotic DNA)
Nucleoid DNA
Circular DNA which usually contains the bacterial resistance gene (Prokaryotic DNA)
Plasmid
__________ are classified based on their genetic material
Viruses
__________ are aromatic and strongly absorbs ultraviolet light
Nucleotide bases
Nucleic acids are __________ in water
Soluble
Nucleic acids are __________ in alcohol
Insoluble
__________ requires stricter conditions to avoid RNA degradation
RNA isolation
Absorption ratio range that indicates high RNA purity
1.9-2
Absorption ratio range that indicates high DNA purity
1.6-1.8
Relationship between DNA purity and proteins
Inversely proportional
Pure DNA and RNA samples can be quantified spectrophotometrically using the __________
Beer-Lambert’s equation
Refers to the movement of charged molecules/particles across a solution or matrix with the aid of an electric current
Electrophoresis
Reaction that involves in vitro; is an important tool in molecular biology, biotechnology, and molecular diagnostics
Polymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed by __________ in 1983
Kary B. Mullis
The PCR is carried out in a __________, an instrument that automatically controls and alternates the temperatures for programmed periods of time for the appropriate number of PCR cycles
Thermocycler
Contains the region of the DNA fragment to be amplified (Components of PCR tubes)
DNA template
Determine the beginning and end of the region to be amplified (Components of PCR tubes)
Two primers
Copies the region to be amplified (Components of PCR tubes)
DNA (Taq) polymerase
From which the DNA polymerase builds the new DNA (Components of PCR tubes)
Nucleotides (dNTPs)
Provides a suitable chemical environment for the DNA polymerase (Components of PCR tubes)
Buffer
3 major steps in PCR (DAE)
Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
Temperature for denaturation stage of PCR
> 90°C
Temperature for annealing stage of PCR
54°C
Temperature for extension stage of PCR
72°C
Refers to the process of manipulating genes of organisms to produce the desired characteristics in another organism
Genetic engineering
Refers to a genetically identical population (may it be a gene, organism, virus, bacteria, or DNA)
Clone
Refers to the process of creating genetically identical organisms
Cloning
Refers to the process of combining DNA sequences or genes of two organisms
Recombinant DNA technology
Are enzymes that cuts on specific palindromic sequences of the DNA
Restriction endonucleases
Refers to a gene carrier; also known as cloning vehicle
Vectors
Refers to the extra-chromosomal, self-replicating genetic elements in bacteria
Plasmids
