FINAL 03 - Metabolism of Non-Carbohydrate Energy Sources

Question 1

__________ catalyze hydrolysis of bonds between fatty acid and the rest of triacylglycerols

Answer 1

Lipases

Question 2

Lipases catalyze hydrolysis of bonds between fatty acid and the rest of __________

Answer 2

Triacylglycerols

Question 3

__________ catalyze hydrolysis of bonds between fatty acid and the rest of phosphoacylglycerols

Answer 3

Phospholipases

Question 4

Phospholipases catalyze hydrolysis of bonds between fatty acids and the rest of __________

Answer 4

Phosphoacylglycerols

Question 5

The β-oxidation of fatty acids happens inside the __________

Answer 5

Mitochondria

Question 6

__________ begins with activation

Answer 6

Fatty acid oxidation

Question 7

Fatty acid oxidation begins with __________

Answer 7

Activation

Question 8

A __________ bond is formed between the carboxyl group of the fatty acid and the thiol of CoA-SH

Answer 8

Thioester bond

Question 9

__________ is a chemical that plays a role in fatty acyl CoA transfer

Answer 9

Carnitine

Question 10

Oxidation by FAD of the α,β
carbon-carbon single bond to a
carbon-carbon double bond (Steps in β-oxidation of fatty acids)

Answer 10

Step 1

Question 11

Hydration of the C=C double
bond to give a 2° alcohol (Steps in β-oxidation of fatty acids)

Answer 11

Step 2

Question 12

Oxidation of the 2°alcohol to a
ketone (Steps in β-oxidation of fatty acids)

Answer 12

Step 3

Question 13

Cleavage of the carbon chain
by a molecule of CoA-SH (Steps in β-oxidation of fatty acids)

Answer 13

Step 4

Question 14

Refers to a series of reactions that cleaves carbon atoms two at a time from the carboxyl end of a fatty acid

Answer 14

β-oxidation

Question 15

The complete cycle of one β-oxidation requires __________ enzymes

Answer 15

Four (4)

Question 16

β-oxidation of stearic acid gives rise to __________ 2-carbon units

Answer 16

Nine (9)

Question 17

β-oxidation of __________ gives rise to nine 2-carbon units

Answer 17

Stearic acid

Question 18

Net ATP yield of β-oxidation of stearic acid

Answer 18

120 ATP

Question 19

The last β-oxidation cycle of a fatty acid with an odd number of carbons gives __________

Answer 19

Propionyl-CoA

Question 20

__________ enters glycolysis via dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Answer 20

Glycerol

Question 21

Glycerol enters __________ via dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Answer 21

Glycolysis

Question 22

Glycerol enters glycolysis via __________

Answer 22

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 23

Biosynthetic reactions occur in the __________

Answer 23

Cytosol

Question 24

Refers to an anabolic pathway which utilizes “excess” acetyl CoA to produce medium and long chain of fatty acid

Answer 24

Fatty acid synthesis

Question 25

In fatty acid synthesis, ACP rotates __________ and its side chain sweeps over the multienzyme system

Answer 25

Counterclockwise

Question 26

Synthesis of malonyl CoA (Steps in fatty acid biosynthesis)

Answer 26

Step 1A

Question 27

Formation of acetyl CoA-enzyme complex (Steps in fatty acid biosynthesis)

Answer 27

Step 1B

Question 28

Entry of malonyl CoA in the enzyme complex (Steps in fatty acid biosynthesis)

Answer 28

Step 2

Question 29

Decarboxylation of malonyl CoA (Steps in fatty acid biosynthesis)

Answer 29

Step 3

Question 30

Transacetylation (Steps in fatty acid biosynthesis)

Answer 30

Step 4

Question 31

Dehydration (Steps in fatty acid biosynthesis)

Answer 31

Step 5

Question 32

Hydrogenation (Steps in fatty acid biosynthesis)

Answer 32

Step 6

Question 33

__________ are amino acids that can be converted into glucose via gluconeogenesis

Answer 33

Glucogenic amino acids

Question 34

__________ are amino acids that form acetyl CoA or acetoacetyl CoA

Answer 34

Ketogenic amino acids

Question 35

Glucogenic amino acids form __________ precursors

Answer 35

Glucose

Question 36

Ketogenic amino acids form precursors for __________

Answer 36

Ketone bodies

Question 37

Glucogenic amino acids are important in __________

Answer 37

Gluconeogenesis

Question 38

Ketogenic amino acids are important in __________

Answer 38

Ketogenesis

Question 39

Glucogenic amino acids include most __________ and __________ amino acids (EN)

Answer 39

Essential, Non-essential

Question 40

Ketogenic amino acids include exclusively __________ and __________ (LL)

Answer 40

Lysine, Leucine

Question 41

__________ is the process whereby precursors such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids are converted to glucose

Answer 41

Gluconeogenesis

Question 42

__________ is the starting material for gluconeogenesis

Answer 42

Oxaloacetate

Question 43

In __________, remnants of odd-numbered fatty acids after beta oxidation and ketogenic amino acids are subjected to ketogenesis for them to become source of energy

Answer 43

Ketogenesis

Question 44

Refers to the conversion of CO2 to carbohydrates in plants

Answer 44

Photosynthesis

Question 45

The reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates is called __________

Answer 45

Carbon fixation

Question 46

In __________, glycerol 1-phosphate combines with two acyl CoA molecules, which may be the same or different

Answer 46

Membrane lipid synthesis

Question 47

In membrane lipid synthesis, __________ and __________ are assembled in similar fashion from the appropriate building blocks (SG)

Answer 47

Sphingolipids, Glycolipids

Question 48

In __________, all carbon atoms of cholesterol and of all steroids synthesized from it are derived from the two-carbon acetyl group of acetyl CoA

Answer 48

Cholesterol synthesis

Question 49

In cholesterol synthesis, __________ is the building block for the synthesis of geranyl pyrophosphate (C10) and farnesyl pyrophosphate (C15)

Answer 49

Isopentyl pyrophosphate (C5)

Question 50

In the __________, lactate from glycolysis in muscle is transported to the liver, where gluconeogenesis converts it back to glucose

Answer 50

Cori cycle

Question 51

Refers to a cyclic pathway that produces urea from CO2 and NH4+

Answer 51

Urea cycle