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CCP 4 - Pharmaceutical Biochemistry (Lec) > FINAL 01 - Carbohydrate Metabolism > Flashcards

FINAL 01 - Carbohydrate Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

__________ are polyhydroaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

D-glyceraldehyde (Aldose or ketose)

A

Aldose

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3
Q

D-glucose (Aldose or ketose)

A

Aldose

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4
Q

Dihydroxyacetone (Aldose or ketose)

A

Ketose

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5
Q

D-fructose (Aldose or ketose)

A

Ketose

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6
Q

__________ are bonds that links simple sugar unit to form carbohydrate polymers

A

Glycosidic bonds

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7
Q

Refers to the sum of all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the dynamic state of a cell or organism

A

Metabolism

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8
Q

The process of breaking down large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules with the concurrent production of energy

A

Catabolism

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9
Q

The process of synthesizing larger molecules from smaller ones

A

Anabolism

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10
Q

Organ responsible for physical digestion

A

Mouth

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11
Q

In the mouth, the chemical digestion of carbohydrates is done by __________

A

α-amylase

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12
Q

Organ responsible for absorption of nutrients

A

Small intestine

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13
Q

In the small intestine, digestion of carbohydrates is done by __________

A

Pancreatic amylase

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14
Q

In the small intestine, the digestion of proteins is done by __________

A

Peptidases (ex: trypsin, chymotrypsin, etc.)

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15
Q

In the small intestine, emulsification of lipids is done by __________

A

Bile acids/salts

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16
Q

In the small intestine, the digestion of fatty acids is done by __________

A

Lipases

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17
Q

Organ responsible for reabsorption of water and microbiome-assisted synthesis and absorption of vitamins and minerals

A

Large intestine

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18
Q

In the stomach, digestion and protein denaturation is done by __________

A

Gastric acid

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19
Q

In the stomach, peptide bonds of proteins are cleaved by __________

A

Pepsin

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20
Q

The pancreas is responsible for the production of __________ and __________ (AP)

A

Amylase, Peptides

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21
Q

The pancreas is responsible for the production of two hormones: __________ and __________ (IG)

A

Insulin, Glucagon

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22
Q

Refers to the process by which glucose is broken down to produce energy

A

Glycolysis

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23
Q

2 phases of glycolysis (EI, EG)

A

Energy investment phase, Energy generation phase

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24
Q

Phase that uses 2 ATP molecules to add phosphate groups to glucose, preparing it for breakdown into smaller molecules (Phases of glycolysis)

A

Energy investment phase

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25
Q

Phase that produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (Phases of glycolysis)

A

Energy generation phase

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26
Q

Substrate (Step 1 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)

A

Glucose

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27
Q

Enzyme (Step 1 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)

A

Hexokinase

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28
Q

Product (Step 1 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

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29
Q

Substrate (Step 2 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

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30
Q

Enzyme (Step 2 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)

A

Glucosephosphate isomerase

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31
Q

Product (Step 2 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)

A

Fructose-6-phosphate

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32
Q

Substrate (Step 3 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)

A

Fructose-6-phosphate

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33
Q

Enzyme (Step 3 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)

A

Phosphofructokinase

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34
Q

Product (Step 3 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)

A

Fructose-1,6-biphosphate

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35
Q

Substrate (Step 4 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)

A

Fructose-1,6-biphosphate

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36
Q

Enzyme (Step 3 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)

A

Aldolase

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37
Q

2 Products (Step 3 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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38
Q

Substrate (Step 4 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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39
Q

Enzyme (Step 4 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)

A

Triosephosphate isomerase

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40
Q

Product (Step 4 - Energy investment phase of glycolysis)

A

D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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41
Q

Substrate (Step 1 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

42
Q

Enzyme (Step 1 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

43
Q

Product (Step 1 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)

A

1,3-biphosphoglycerate

44
Q

Substrate (Step 2 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

45
Q

Enzyme (Step 2 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

46
Q

Product (Step 2 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)

A

3-Phosphoglycerate

47
Q

Substrate (Step 3 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)

A

3-Phosphoglycerate

48
Q

Enzyme (Step 3 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)

A

Phosphoglyceromutase

49
Q

Product (Step 3 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)

A

2-Phosphoglycerate

50
Q

Substrate (Step 4 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)

A

2-Phosphoglycerate

51
Q

Enzyme (Step 4 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)

A

Enolase

52
Q

Product (Step 4 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)

A

Phosphenolpyruvate (PEP)

53
Q

Substrate (Step 5 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate

54
Q

Enzyme (Step 5 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)

A

Pyruvate kinase

55
Q

Product (Step 5 - Energy generation phase of glycolysis)

A

Pyruvate

56
Q

In anaerobic respiration, __________ is the process that converts pyruvate into lactic acid

A

Lactic acid fermentation

57
Q

In anaerobic respiration, __________ is the process that converts pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide

A

Alcohol fermentation

58
Q

Refers to the process that happens in the mitochondria wherein acetyl-CoA is oxidized to produce ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2

A

Kreb’s cycle/Tricarboxylic acid cycle

59
Q

2 substrates (Step 1 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Oxaloacetate, Acetyl-CoA

60
Q

Enzyme (Step 1 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Citrate synthase

61
Q

2 Products (Step 1 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Citryl-CoA, Citrate

62
Q

___________, an allosteric enzyme, is inhibited by NADH, ATP, and succinyl-CoA (Step 1 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Citrate synthase

63
Q

2 substrates (Step 2 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Citrate, cis-Aconitate

64
Q

Enzyme (Step 2 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Aconitase

65
Q

Product (Step 2 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Isocitrate

66
Q

__________ and __________ are achiral; neither has a stereocenter (Step 2 - Kreb’s cycle) (CA)

A

Citrate, Aconitate

67
Q

__________ is chiral; it has 2 stereocenters and 4 stereoisomers are possible (Step 2 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Isocitrate

68
Q

Only __________ of the 4 possible stereoisomers is formed in the cycle (Step 2 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

One (1)

69
Q

Substrate (Step 3 - Oxidation - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Isocitrate

70
Q

Enzyme (Step 3 - Oxidation - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

71
Q

Product (Step 3 - Oxidation - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Oxalosuccinate

72
Q

Substrate (Step 3 - Decarboxylation - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Oxalosuccinate

73
Q

Product (Step 3 - Decarboxylation - Kreb’s cycle)

A

α-Ketoglutarate

74
Q

__________ is an allosteric enzyme; it is inhibited by ATP and NADH and activated by ADP and NAD+ (Step 3 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

75
Q

Substrate (Step 4 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

a-Ketoglutarate

76
Q

Enzyme (Step 4 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

77
Q

Product (Step 4 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Succinyl-CoA

78
Q

Substrate (Step 5 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Succinyl-CoA

79
Q

Enzyme (Step 5 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

80
Q

Product (Step 5 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Succinate

81
Q

In the step 5 of the Kreb’s cycle, __________ molecule of GTP is produced

A

One (1)

82
Q

Like ATP, __________ stores energy in the form of high-energy phosphoric anhydride bonds (Step 5 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

GTP

83
Q

Substrate (Step 6 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Succinate

84
Q

Enzyme (Step 6 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

85
Q

Product (Step 6 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Fumarate

86
Q

Substrate (Step 7 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Fumarate

87
Q

Enzyme (Step 7 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Fumarase

88
Q

Product (Step 7 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Malate

89
Q

__________ is chiral and can exist as a pair of enantiomers; it is produced in the cycle as a single stereoisomer (Step 7 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Malate

90
Q

Substrate (Step 8 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Malate

91
Q

Enzyme (Step 8 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Malate dehydrogenase

92
Q

Product (Step 8 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Oxaloacetate

93
Q

__________ can react with acetyl-CoA to start another round of the Kreb’s cycle (Step 8 - Kreb’s cycle)

A

Oxaloacetate

94
Q

Refers to the system that transfers electrons through protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane, generating a protein gradient that powers ATP synthesis

A

Electron transport system/chain

95
Q

Refers to the gradient that forms across the mitochondria’s inner membrane as electrons move through the ETC

A

Proton gradient

96
Q

Refers to the process by which ATP is produced in the mitochondria using energy from the ETC and the protein gradient

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

97
Q

__________ is an enzyme that produces ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP synthase

98
Q

Refers to a shuttle that transfers electrons from NADH in the cytoplasm to FAD in the mitochondria, allowing NADH to contribute to ATP production by feeding electrons into the ETC

A

Glycerol-phosphate shuttle

99
Q

Refers to the shuttle that transfers electrons from NADH in the cytoplasm to NADH in the mitochondria, allowing NADH to enter the ETC for ATP production

A

Malate-aspartate shuttle

100
Q

Total energy yield form complete oxidation of glucose from glycolysis to citric acid cycle

A

32/34 ATP molecules

CCP 4 - Pharmaceutical Biochemistry (Lec) (17 decks)

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