MIDTERM 01 - Nucleotides, Nucleic Acid, and Heredity Flashcards
Is the transfer of characteristics from a parent organism from generation to generation
Heredity
The anatomical structure found in the nucleus which contains the genes
Chromosomes
Biochemical carriers of the traits
Genes
A collection of genes of an individual
Genome
Year when Gregor Mendel noted the inheritance of traits in peas
1867
In 1867, __________ noted the inheritance of traits in peas
Gregor Mendel
Year when Johann Freidrich Miescher discovered the DNA
1869
In 1869, __________ discovered the DNA
Johann Freidrich Miescher
Year when WS Sutton proposed the “Chromosome Theory”
1903
In 1903, __________ proposed the “Chromosome Theory”
WS Sutton
Year when Frederick Griffith noted the transformation in bacteria
1928
In 1928, __________ noted the transformation of bacteria
Frederick Griffith
Year when Oswald Avery, Collin Mcleod, and Maclyn McCarthy used degrading enzymes to determine the genetic material
1944
In 1944, __________, __________, and __________ used degrading enzymes to determine the genetic material
Oswald Avery, Collin Mcleod, Maclyn McCarthy
Year when Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase discovered that genetic material of bacteriophage are transferred to bacteria
1952
In 1952, __________ and __________ discovered that genetic material of bacteriophage are transferred to bacteria
Alfred Hershey, Martha Chase
Are the polymers of nucleotides
Nucleic acids
2 types of nucleic acid
DNA, RNA
3 components of nucleotide (PRN)
Phosphate, Ribose sugar, Nucleotide base
A nucleotide without a phosphate group
Nucleoside
2 types of nucleic acid base (PP)
Pyrimidine, Purine
2 examples of purine bases
Adenine, Guanine
3 examples of pyrimidine bases
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
Sugar (Pentose) of DNA
Deoxyribose
Sugar (Pentose) of RNA
Ribose
Nucleotide bases exhibit __________
Keto-enol tautomerism
Bonds that connect the base and sugar at 1’ carbon
β-glycosidic bonds
Bonds that link nucleotides to form nucleic acids
Phosphodiester bonds
Direction of the polynucleotide strand
5’ → 3’
Year when Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens had “x-ray pictures” of DNA
1952
In 1952, __________ and __________ had “x-ray pictures” of DNA
Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkens
Year when James Watson and Francis Crick proposed the model of the double helix of DNA
1953
In 1953, __________ and __________ proposed the model of the double helix of DNA
James Watson, Francis Crick
Formulated the “Chargaff rules”; states that the amount of guanine should be equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine
Erwin Chargaff
The physiological form of DNA
B-DNA
The spaces between adjacent turns of the helix form 2 grooves; the wider __________ and the narrow __________
Major groove; Minor groove
Diameter of the DNA
2 nm
Distance between two base pairs
0.34 nm
Each turn of the helix involves 10 base pairs that is approximately __________ nm in length
3.4 nm
3 types of DNA
B-DNA, A-DNA, Z-DNA
Are DNA molecules at low humidity; is a right-handed helix but thicker than B-DNA and has not been found in vivo (Types of DNA)
A-DNA
In A-DNA, there are about ________ base pairs per turn of the helix
11 base pairs
A left-handed double helix; usually occurs in alternating purine-pyrimidine bases and may play a role in gene expression (Types of DNA)
Z-DNA
Refers to the further coiling and twisting of DNA helix
Supercoiling
Enzyme that is capable of cutting and rejoining the DNA ends to produce supercoils
Topoisomerase
Prokaryotic DNA is __________
Circular
Eukaryotic DNA is __________
Linear
Is formed by DNA coiling to a histone octamer and locked by H1 histone protein
Nucleosome
A protein that is rich in the basic amino acid Lysine and Arginine; found to be associated with eukaryotic DNA
Histone
Is formed when nucleosomes form a helical coil
Solenoid
Protein scaffolding forms the __________ which are the different bands of a chromosome called locus/loci
Chromatin
The temperature that is a measure of the base composition of DNA
Melting temperature (Tm)
As DNA strands separate, absorbance at __________ nm increases
260 nm
The smallest kind of RNA; it carries an amino acid at its 3’ end (Types of RNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
A ribonucleic acid found in ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis (Types of RNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
A ribonucleic acid that carries coded genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins (Types of RNA)
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transports amino acids to site of protein synthesis (Types of RNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis (Types of RNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Directs amino acid sequence of proteins (Types of RNA)
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Processes initial mRNA to its mature form in eukaryotes (Types of RNA)
Small nuclear RNA
Affects gene expression; used by scientists to knock out a gene being studied (Types of RNA)
Small interfering RNA
Affects gene expression; important in growth and development (Types of RNA)
Micro RNA
Histone is rich in the basic amino acids __________ and __________
Lysine, Arginine
The major groove of the DNA is __________
Specific
The minor groove of the DNA is __________
Nonspecific
Chemotherapy targets the __________ and __________ phase of DNA replication
S phase, G1 phase
