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CCP 4 - Pharmaceutical Biochemistry (Lec) > MIDTERM 01 - Nucleotides, Nucleic Acid, and Heredity > Flashcards

MIDTERM 01 - Nucleotides, Nucleic Acid, and Heredity Flashcards

1
Q

Is the transfer of characteristics from a parent organism from generation to generation

A

Heredity

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2
Q

The anatomical structure found in the nucleus which contains the genes

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

Biochemical carriers of the traits

A

Genes

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4
Q

A collection of genes of an individual

A

Genome

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5
Q

Year when Gregor Mendel noted the inheritance of traits in peas

A

1867

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6
Q

In 1867, __________ noted the inheritance of traits in peas

A

Gregor Mendel

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7
Q

Year when Johann Freidrich Miescher discovered the DNA

A

1869

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8
Q

In 1869, __________ discovered the DNA

A

Johann Freidrich Miescher

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9
Q

Year when WS Sutton proposed the “Chromosome Theory”

A

1903

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10
Q

In 1903, __________ proposed the “Chromosome Theory”

A

WS Sutton

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11
Q

Year when Frederick Griffith noted the transformation in bacteria

A

1928

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12
Q

In 1928, __________ noted the transformation of bacteria

A

Frederick Griffith

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13
Q

Year when Oswald Avery, Collin Mcleod, and Maclyn McCarthy used degrading enzymes to determine the genetic material

A

1944

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14
Q

In 1944, __________, __________, and __________ used degrading enzymes to determine the genetic material

A

Oswald Avery, Collin Mcleod, Maclyn McCarthy

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15
Q

Year when Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase discovered that genetic material of bacteriophage are transferred to bacteria

A

1952

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16
Q

In 1952, __________ and __________ discovered that genetic material of bacteriophage are transferred to bacteria

A

Alfred Hershey, Martha Chase

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17
Q

Are the polymers of nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids

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18
Q

2 types of nucleic acid

A

DNA, RNA

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19
Q

3 components of nucleotide (PRN)

A

Phosphate, Ribose sugar, Nucleotide base

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20
Q

A nucleotide without a phosphate group

A

Nucleoside

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21
Q

2 types of nucleic acid base (PP)

A

Pyrimidine, Purine

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22
Q

2 examples of purine bases

A

Adenine, Guanine

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23
Q

3 examples of pyrimidine bases

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

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24
Q

Sugar (Pentose) of DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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25
Q

Sugar (Pentose) of RNA

A

Ribose

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26
Q

Nucleotide bases exhibit __________

A

Keto-enol tautomerism

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27
Q

Bonds that connect the base and sugar at 1’ carbon

A

β-glycosidic bonds

28
Q

Bonds that link nucleotides to form nucleic acids

A

Phosphodiester bonds

29
Q

Direction of the polynucleotide strand

A

5’ → 3’

30
Q

Year when Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens had “x-ray pictures” of DNA

A

1952

31
Q

In 1952, __________ and __________ had “x-ray pictures” of DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkens

32
Q

Year when James Watson and Francis Crick proposed the model of the double helix of DNA

A

1953

33
Q

In 1953, __________ and __________ proposed the model of the double helix of DNA

A

James Watson, Francis Crick

34
Q

Formulated the “Chargaff rules”; states that the amount of guanine should be equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine

A

Erwin Chargaff

35
Q

The physiological form of DNA

A

B-DNA

36
Q

The spaces between adjacent turns of the helix form 2 grooves; the wider __________ and the narrow __________

A

Major groove; Minor groove

37
Q

Diameter of the DNA

A

2 nm

38
Q

Distance between two base pairs

A

0.34 nm

39
Q

Each turn of the helix involves 10 base pairs that is approximately __________ nm in length

A

3.4 nm

40
Q

3 types of DNA

A

B-DNA, A-DNA, Z-DNA

41
Q

Are DNA molecules at low humidity; is a right-handed helix but thicker than B-DNA and has not been found in vivo (Types of DNA)

A

A-DNA

42
Q

In A-DNA, there are about ________ base pairs per turn of the helix

A

11 base pairs

43
Q

A left-handed double helix; usually occurs in alternating purine-pyrimidine bases and may play a role in gene expression (Types of DNA)

A

Z-DNA

44
Q

Refers to the further coiling and twisting of DNA helix

A

Supercoiling

45
Q

Enzyme that is capable of cutting and rejoining the DNA ends to produce supercoils

A

Topoisomerase

46
Q

Prokaryotic DNA is __________

A

Circular

47
Q

Eukaryotic DNA is __________

A

Linear

48
Q

Is formed by DNA coiling to a histone octamer and locked by H1 histone protein

A

Nucleosome

49
Q

A protein that is rich in the basic amino acid Lysine and Arginine; found to be associated with eukaryotic DNA

A

Histone

50
Q

Is formed when nucleosomes form a helical coil

A

Solenoid

51
Q

Protein scaffolding forms the __________ which are the different bands of a chromosome called locus/loci

A

Chromatin

52
Q

The temperature that is a measure of the base composition of DNA

A

Melting temperature (Tm)

53
Q

As DNA strands separate, absorbance at __________ nm increases

A

260 nm

54
Q

The smallest kind of RNA; it carries an amino acid at its 3’ end (Types of RNA)

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

55
Q

A ribonucleic acid found in ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis (Types of RNA)

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

56
Q

A ribonucleic acid that carries coded genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins (Types of RNA)

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

57
Q

Transports amino acids to site of protein synthesis (Types of RNA)

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

58
Q

Combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis (Types of RNA)

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

59
Q

Directs amino acid sequence of proteins (Types of RNA)

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

60
Q

Processes initial mRNA to its mature form in eukaryotes (Types of RNA)

A

Small nuclear RNA

61
Q

Affects gene expression; used by scientists to knock out a gene being studied (Types of RNA)

A

Small interfering RNA

62
Q

Affects gene expression; important in growth and development (Types of RNA)

A

Micro RNA

63
Q

Histone is rich in the basic amino acids __________ and __________

A

Lysine, Arginine

64
Q

The major groove of the DNA is __________

A

Specific

65
Q

The minor groove of the DNA is __________

A

Nonspecific

66
Q

Chemotherapy targets the __________ and __________ phase of DNA replication

A

S phase, G1 phase

CCP 4 - Pharmaceutical Biochemistry (Lec) (14 decks)

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