MIDTERM 03 - Transcription and Translation Flashcards
The process of synthesizing mRNA from genomic DNA
Transcription
Is the basic part of heredity; it is a part of the DNA that is involved in the synthesis of proteins including its regulation
Gene
The portion of the DNA which controls gene expression (Types of gene)
Regulatory gene
The portion of the DNA which is transcribed into mRNA (Types of gene)
Structural gene
3 stages of transcription (IET)
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
Are proteins that scans the DNA molecule and binds at the promoter region (Initiation phase)
TATA binding proteins
Is a sequence of nucleotides that is an essential part of a promoter site on DNA for transcription to occur in eukaryotes
Hogness box (TATA)
Is a sequence of nucleotides that is an essential part of a promoter site on DNA for transcription to occur in prokaryotes
Pribnow box (TATAAT)
__________ are factors that binds to the promoter region, recruiting the RNA polymerase in the close promoter complex (Initiation phase)
Sigma factor
__________ regulates the transcription by clearing the transcription basal complex allowing the start of transcription (Initiation phase)
Enhancers
Process that involves the addition of GMP in an inverted orientation
5’ Capping
The methylation of C7 at G is done by __________
Guanine methyltransferase
Is a specially altered nucleotide that prevents the 5’ end from being digested and aids in the transport of mRNA out of the nucleus
5’ Cap
Expressed DNA sequences are called __________
Exons
Intervening DNA sequences that are not expressed are called __________
Introns
__________ is a large RNA-protein complex that is made up of snRNAs
Spliceosome
A __________ that is usually 100-200 nucleotides long is added to the 3’ end before the mRNA leaves the nucleus; this tail protects the mRNA from nucleases and phosphatases
Polyadenylate tail
Process that involves the synthesis of polypeptides using the mRNA transcript as the template
Translation
A __________ is composed of 3 bases in the mRNA which encode an amino acid
Codon
An __________ is composed of 3 bases in the tRNA which is complementary to the codon
Anti-codon
A codon related the genetic information to an amino acid which can be deciphered using the __________
Genetic code
Means that a genetic code is made up of three nucleotide letters (Key features of the genetic code)
Triplet
Means that the same letter is not used for two different codons (Key features of the genetic code)
Nonoverlapping
Means that the genetic code is continuous and nonoverlapping (Key features of the genetic code)
Commaless
Means that a single amino acid may be coded for by more than one codon (Key features of the genetic code)
Degenerate
Means that almost every organism uses the same genetic code (Key features of the genetic code)
Universal
In __________, initiation factors, ribosomes, and f-met tRNA bind to the mRNA
Chain initiation
3 termination sequence codons
UAG, UGA, UAA
Refers to the covalent modifications or introduction of organic moieties to the polypeptide
Post-translational modification
Enzyme that catalyzes the process of transcription
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
4 ribonucleoside triphosphates (CUGA)
CTP, UTP, GTP, ATP
A __________ is not needed in RNA synthesis, but a DNA template is needed
Primase
