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PH 113 - Pharmacology 1 > MIDTERM 04 - Cholesterol, Lipoprotein, and Compound Lipids Metabolism > Flashcards

MIDTERM 04 - Cholesterol, Lipoprotein, and Compound Lipids Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Contains 27 carbons and a CPPP nucleus; found in cell membranes and lipoproteins

A

Cholesterol

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2
Q

Are cholesterols esterified w/ a fatty acid at C3

A

Cholesteryl esters

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3
Q

Cholesteryl esters are synthesized by 2 enzymes, __________ and __________ (AL)

A

Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT); Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

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4
Q

Intracellular (ACAT or LCAT)

A

ACAT

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5
Q

Extracellular (ACAT or LCAT)

A

LCAT

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6
Q

Forms cholesteryl esters in cells (ACAT or LCAT)

A

ACAT

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7
Q

Forms cholesteryl esters in lipoproteins, specifically HDL (ACAT or LCAT)

A

LCAT

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8
Q

Transfers fatty acid from acyl-CoA (ACAT or LCAT)

A

ACAT

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9
Q

Transfers fatty acid from lecithin (ACAT or LCAT)

A

LCAT

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10
Q

2 sources of cholesterol (DD)

A

Diet, De Novo synthesis

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11
Q

Synthesis that occurs in all tissues; is anabolic and endergonic

A

De Novo cholesterol synthesis

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12
Q

2 sites for De Novo cholesterol synthesis (CS)

A

Cytosol, SER

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13
Q

Synthesis of mevalonate (Steps in De Novo synthesis)

A

Step 1

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14
Q

Conversion of mevalonate to 2 activated isoprenes (Steps in De Novo synthesis)

A

Step 2

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15
Q

Condensation of 6 isoprenes to squalene (Steps in De Novo synthesis)

A

Step 3

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16
Q

Formation of lanosterol (Steps in De Novo synthesis)

A

Step 4

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17
Q

Formation of cholesterol (Steps in De Novo synthesis)

A

Step 5

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18
Q

Enzyme involved in formation of acetoacetyl-CoA (Step 1- De Novo synthesis)

A

Cytosolic thiolase

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19
Q

Enzyme involved in formation of HMG-CoA (Step 1- De Novo synthesis)

A

HMG CoA synthase

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20
Q

Isozyme of HMG CoA synthase involved in cholesterol synthesis (Step 1- De Novo synthesis)

A

Cytosolic isozyme

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21
Q

Isozyme of HMG CoA synthase involved in ketogenesis (Step 1- De Novo synthesis)

A

Mitochondrial isozyme

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22
Q

Enzyme involved in reduction of HMG CoA to mevalonate (Step 1- De Novo synthesis)

A

HMG CoA reductase

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23
Q

Cofactor involved in reduction of HMG CoA to mevalonate (Step 1 - De Novo synthesis)

A

NADPH

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24
Q

Rate-limiting step in synthesis of mevalonate (Step 1- De Novo synthesis)

A

Reduction of HMG CoA to mevalonate

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25
Q

Isoprene involved in step 2 of De NoVo synthesis

A

2-methyl-1,3-butadiene

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26
Q

Isopentyl diphosphate - # of carbons (Step 2 - De Novo synthesis)

A

5

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27
Q

Dimethylallyl diphosphate - # of carbons (Step 2 - De Novo synthesis)

A

5

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28
Q

Geranyl diphosphate - # of carbons (Step 3 - De Novo synthesis)

A

10

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29
Q

Farnesyl diphosphate - # of carbons (Step 3 - De Novo synthesis)

A

15

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30
Q

Squalene - # of carbons (Step 3 - De Novo synthesis)

A

30

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31
Q

Enzyme involved in condensation of dimethylallyl diphosphate and geranyl diphosphate (Step 3 - De Novo synthesis)

A

Cis-prenyl transferase

32
Q

Enzyme involved in condensation of 2 farnesyl diphosphates to squalene (Step 3 - De Novo synthesis)

A

Squalene synthetase

33
Q

Cofactor involved in condensation of 2 farnesyl diphosphates to squalene (Step 3 - De Novo synthesis)

34
Q

Squalene 2,3-epoxide - # of carbons (Step 4 - De Novo synthesis)

35
Q

Lanosterol - # of carbons (Step 4 - De Novo synthesis)

36
Q

Enzyme involved in conversion of squalene to squalene 2,3-epoxide (Step 4 - De Novo synthesis)

A

Squalene epoxidase

37
Q

Enzyme involved in cyclization of squalene 2,3-epoxide to lanosterol (Step 4 - De Novo synthesis)

A

Oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase

38
Q

Desmethyl lanosterol - # of carbons (Step 5 - De Novo synthesis)

39
Q

Zymosterol - # of carbons (Step 5 - De Novo synthesis)

40
Q

Desmosterol/24-dehydrocholesterol - # of carbons (Step 5 - De Novo synthesis)

41
Q

Cholesterol - # of carbons (Step 5 - De Novo synthesis)

42
Q

Enzyme involved in the removal of double bond in the side chain of desmosterol (Step 5 - De Novo synthesis)

A

Δ24-reductase

43
Q

Formed from farnesyl diphosphate (Branch points in cholesterol synthesis) (DU)

A

Dolichol, Ubiquinone

44
Q

Process that facilitates the anchoring of proteins into lipoid membranes

A

Protein prenylation

45
Q

Proteins prenylated with farnesyl or geranylgeranyl residues

A

GTP-binding proteins

46
Q

Formed by ACAT; secreted by the liver (Fate of cholesterol)

A

Cholesteryl esters

47
Q

Salts that are secreted into the bile and stored in the gallbladder; aids in digestion of dietary lipids (Fate of cholesterol)

A

Bile salts

48
Q

2 types of bile salts (CC)

A

Chenocholate, Cholate

49
Q

Cholesterol that enters gut lumen via the biliary tract (Fate of cholesterol)

A

Biliary cholesterol

50
Q

Regulation of cholesterol synthesis occurs mainly at the ___________ step

A

HMG-CoA reductase

51
Q

Increases HMG-CoA reductase activity (Activators of cholesterol synthesis) (IT)

A

Insulin, Thyroid hormone

52
Q

Is cAMP-dependent (Activators of cholesterol synthesis)

A

Dephosphorylation

53
Q

Involved in product inhibition (Inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis)

A

Mevalonate

54
Q

Involved in feedback inhibition (Inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis)

A

Cholesterol

55
Q

Inhibits SREBP (Inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis)

A

Insulin-induced gene (Insig)

56
Q

Decreases HMG-CoA reductase activity (Inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis) (GG)

A

Glucagon, Glucocorticoids

57
Q

Formerly known as HMG-CoA reductase kinase (Inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis)

A

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)

58
Q

Phosphorylates and activates AMPK (Inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis)

59
Q

Cholesterol excretion is via the __________

60
Q

The principal sterol in the feces; formed from cholesterol by the bacteria in the lower intestine

A

Coprostanol

61
Q

Proteins that are spherical macromolecular complexes made up of a hydrophobic core, amphipathic/hydrophilic shell, and cholesterol

A

Lipoproteins

62
Q

Largest and least dense lipoprotein; carry dietary fatty acids to tissues (Major lipoproteins)

A

Chylomicrons

63
Q

Carry endogenous fatty acids from the liver into extrahepatic tissues (Major lipoproteins)

A

Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)

64
Q

Condition known as “fatty liver”; occurs when there is an imbalance between hepatic TAG synthesis and secretion of VLDL

A

Hepatic steatosis

65
Q

Delivers cholesterol to extrahepatic tissues; also known as “bad cholesterol” (Major lipoproteins)

A

Low density lipoprotein (LDL)

66
Q

Delivers cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues to liver; also known as “good cholesterol” (Major lipoproteins)

A

High density lipoprotein (HDL)

67
Q

Reaction responsible for virtually all plasma cholesteryl ester

A

LCAT reaction

68
Q

Facilitates transfer of cholesteryl ester from HDL to VLDL, IDL, and LDL in exchange for triacylglycerol (Major lipoproteins)

A

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)

69
Q

Esters of fatty acids with alcohols (Types of lipids)

A

Simple lipids

70
Q

Esters of fatty acids with alcohols and other groups (Types of lipids)

A

Compound lipids

71
Q

Products of hydrolysis of simple and compound lipids (Types of lipids)

A

Derived lipids

72
Q

Composed of phosphatidic acid + alcohol (Compound lipids based on backbone)

A

Phosphoacylglycerols/Glycerophospholipids

73
Q

Composed of sphingosine + long chain fatty acid + polar group (Compound lipids based on backbone)

A

Sphingolipids

74
Q

Contains phosphate (Compound lipids based on their groups present)

A

Phospholipids

75
Q

Contains sugar with ceramide backbone (Compound lipids based on their groups present)

A

Glycosphingolipids

76
Q

Phosphoacylglycerols are degraded by ___________

A

Phospholipases

77
Q

Sphingomyelin is degraded by __________

A

Sphingomyelinase

PH 113 - Pharmacology 1 (20 decks)

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