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PH 113 - Pharmacology 1 > MIDTERM 01 - Antihypertensive Drugs > Flashcards

MIDTERM 01 - Antihypertensive Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Organ that acts as a pump of blood into the circulatory system

A

Heart

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2
Q

Term used to described the contractility of the heart

A

Inotropy

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3
Q

Term used to describe the rate and rhythm of the heart

A

Chronotropy

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4
Q

Term used to describe the conduction velocity of the heart

A

Dromotropy

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5
Q

Organ that carries blood to/from the heart and from/to the tissues

A

Blood vessels

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6
Q

Carries blood away from the heart (Types of blood vessels)

A

Arteries

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7
Q

Carries blood toward the heart (Types of blood vessels)

A

Veins

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8
Q

Exchanges substances between blood and the tissues (Types of blood vessels)

A

Capillaries

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9
Q

Responsible for oxygenation of blood (Types of circulation)

A

Pulmonary circulation

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10
Q

Responsible for oxygenation of tissues (Types of circulation)

A

Systemic circulation

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11
Q

Responsible for oxygenation of the heart (Types of circulation)

A

Coronary circulation

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12
Q

The most common cardiovascular disease; increases the risk for CHD, CHF, and renal failure

A

Hypertension

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13
Q

BP of 180 mmHg SBP or 120 mmHg DBP (Stages of hypertension)

A

Hypertensive crisis

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14
Q

No end organ damage (Stages of hypertension)

A

Hypertensive urgency

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15
Q

With end organ damage (Stages of hypertension)

A

Hypertensive emergency

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16
Q

“Essential” hypertension; 80-95%; due to familial, environmental, and genetic factors (Types of hypertension)

A

Primary hypertension

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17
Q

5-20%; due to other disease (Types of hypertension)

A

Secondary hypertension

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18
Q

According to this mechanism, the greater the heart muscle is stretched during filling, the greater is the force of contraction in the aorta

A

Frank-Starling mechanism

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19
Q

__________ is related to NaCl intake

A

Intravascular volume

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20
Q

Leads to increase in blood pressure and tubular reabsorption of Na+ (Examples of ɑ-adrenergic antagonists)

A

ɑ1 Drugs

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21
Q

Leads to a decrease in blood pressure (Examples of ɑ-adrenergic antagonists)

A

ɑ2 Drugs

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22
Q

Leads to an increase in blood pressure and renin release (Examples of β-adrenergic antagonists)

A

β1 Drugs

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23
Q

Leads to a decrease in blood pressure (Examples of beta-adrenergic antagonists)

A

β2 Drugs

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24
Q

Reflex that causes a decrease in sympathetic outflow and increase in parasympathetic outflow whenever an increase in blood pressure occurs

A

Baroreceptor reflex

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25
Q

Refers a hormone system that controls blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte levels

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

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26
Q

Hormone responsible for vasoconstriction and NaCl reabsorption; part of RAAS

A

Angiotensin II

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27
Q

Hormone responsible for NaCl reabsorption; part of RAAS

A

Aldosterone

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28
Q

Inhibits Na+ reabsorption; reduces fluid buildup in the body (Types of antihypertensive drugs)

A

Diuretics

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29
Q

Blocks the NCC in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) (Types of diuretics)

A

Thiazide diuretics

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30
Q

Used for mild or moderate hypertension and normal renal and cardiac function (Types of diuretics)

A

Thiazide diuretics

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31
Q

Prototype drug of thiazide diuretics

A

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

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32
Q

The parent compound of thiazide diuretics is __________

A

Chlorothiazide

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33
Q

Examples of this include hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and indapamide (Types of diuretics)

A

Thiazide diuretics

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34
Q

2 prototype drugs of loop diuretics (FE)

A

Furosemide, Ethacrynic acid

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35
Q

High-ceiling, most efficacious diuretics; inhibits NKCC2 in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle (Types of diuretics)

A

Loop diuretics

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36
Q

Used for severe hypertension, renal insufficiency, cardiac failure, or cirrhosis (Types of diuretics)

A

Loop diuretics

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37
Q

Examples of this include furosemide, ethacrynic acid, bumetanide, and torsemide (Types of diuretics)

A

Loop diuretics

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38
Q

Used to avoid excessive potassium depletion and to enhance the natriuretic effects of other diuretics (Types of diuretics)

A

K+ Sparing diuretics

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39
Q

__________ and __________ block aldosterone receptors (Examples of K+ sparing diuretics) (SE)

A

Spironolactone, Eplerenone

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40
Q

__________ and __________ block Na+ entry in the ENaC in the apical membrane of the collecting tubule (Examples of K+ sparing diuretics) (AT)

A

Amiloride, Triamterene

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41
Q

Work by inhibiting the RAAS, which regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolytes (Types of antihypertensive drugs)

A

RAAS inhibitors

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42
Q

Blocks binding site of renin in angiotensinogen; used for primary hypertension (Types of RAAS inhibitors)

A

Aliskiren

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43
Q

All ACE inhibitors are prodrugs except __________ and __________ (CL)

A

Captopril, Lisinopril

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44
Q

Inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE); used for hypertension with CKD, diabetes, and heart failure (Types of RAAS inhibitors)

A

ACE inhibitors

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45
Q

Blocks the AT1 receptor; has the same uses as ACE inhibitors (hypertension with CKD, diabetes, and heart failure) (Types of RAAS inhibitors)

A

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

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46
Q

Blocks voltage-gated L-type calcium channel and thereby block Ca2+ influx into the cardiac and arterial smooth muscles (Types of antihypertensive drugs)

A

Ca2+ Channel blockers (CCBs)

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47
Q

Has vascular effect only; leads to vasodilation, decreased TPR, and increased CO (Types of calcium channel blockers)

A

Dihydropyridines

48
Q

Has vascular and cardiac effects; leads to vasodilation and decreased heart rate, and decreased TPR and CO (Types of calcium channel blockers)

A

Non-dihydropyridines

49
Q

Amlodipine (Types of calcium channel blockers)

A

Dihydropyridine

50
Q

Felodipine (Types of calcium channel blockers)

A

Dihydropyridine

51
Q

Isradipine (Types of calcium channel blockers)

A

Dihydropyridine

52
Q

Nicardipine (Types of calcium channel blockers)

A

Dihydropyridine

53
Q

Nifedipine (Types of calcium channel blockers)

A

Dihydropyridine

54
Q

Nisoldipine (Types of calcium channel blockers)

A

Dihydropyridine

55
Q

Clevidipine (IV) (Types of calcium channel blockers)

A

Dihydropyridine

56
Q

Verapamil (Types of calcium channel blockers)

A

Non-dihydropyridine

57
Q

Diltiazem (Types of calcium channel blockers)

A

Non-dihydropyridine

58
Q

Drugs used to reduce the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, thus decreasing blood pressure (Types of antihypertensive drugs)

A

Sympatholytics

59
Q

Competitively blocks beta receptors and decreases renin; used for mild to moderate hypertension (Types of sympatholytics)

A

β-blockers

60
Q

Propranolol, nadolol, pindolol, penbutolol, timolol, labetalol, carvedilol, and carteolol are examples of __________ β-blockers

A

Nonselective

61
Q

Bisoprolol, metoprolol, atenolol, acebutolol, nebivolol, esmolol, betaxolol, and celiprolol are examples of __________ β-blockers

A

Cardioselective

62
Q

Pindolol, acebutolol, carteolol, celiprolol, penbutolol, and labetalol are examples of β-blockers with __________

A

Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA)

63
Q

__________ and __________ are examples of β-blockers with α1-antagonist activity; they are used for pheochromocytoma and hypertensive emergencies (CL)

A

Carvedilol, Labetalol

64
Q

__________, __________, and __________ are examples of β-blockers with no production (CNC)

A

Celiprolol, Nebivolol, Carteolol

65
Q

Phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine are __________ α-blockers

A

Nonselective

66
Q

Blocks all α-receptors; used for the diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma (Types of α-blockers)

A

Nonselective α-blockers

67
Q

Prazosin, terazosin, and doxazosin are examples of __________ α1 blockers

68
Q

Blocks α1-receptors in arterioles and venules; used in combination with β-blockers or diuretics in hypertension (Types of α-blockers)

A

Selective α1-blockers

69
Q

An analog of levodopa; used for hypertension in pregnancy (Examples of centrally-acting sympatholytics)

A

Methyldopa

70
Q

Used as agonists at α2-receptors in the medulla; abrupt withdrawal can cause hypertensive crisis (Examples of centrally-acting sympatholytics) (CGG)

A

Clonidine, Guanfacine, Guanabenz

71
Q

Interferes with VMAT thereby inhibiting storage of biogenic amines; ADRs include sedation, nightmares, and severe mental depression (Examples of adrenergic neuron blocking agents)

72
Q

Blocks release of NE from sympathetic nerve endings; causes delayed or retrograde ejaculation (Examples of adrenergic neuron blocking agents) (GG)

A

Guanethidine, Guanadrel

73
Q

Causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscles; used in combination with other antihypertensive drugs (oral) and hypertensive emergencies (parenteral) (Types of antihypertensive drugs)

A

Direct vasodilators

74
Q

Hydralazine (Types of direct vasodilators)

A

Arterial vasodilator

75
Q

Minoxidil (Types of direct vasodilators)

A

Arterial vasodilator

76
Q

Diazoxide (Types of direct vasodilator)

A

Arterial vasodilators

77
Q

Fenoldopam (Types of direct vasodilator)

A

Arterial vasodilators

78
Q

Nitroprusside (Types of direct vasodilator)

A

Arterial and venous vasodilators

79
Q

Used for congestive heart failure and preeclampsia; its MOA is unknown (Examples of arterial vasodilators)

A

Hydralazine (PO)

80
Q

Used for severe hypertension that responds poorly to other antihypertensives; also used topically for hair regrowth (Examples of arterial vasodilators)

A

Minoxidil (PO)

81
Q

Used for hypertensive emergency and hypoglycemia secondary to insulinoma (Examples of arterial vasodilators)

A

Diazoxide (IV)

82
Q

Used for hypertensive emergency and postoperative hypertension (Examples of arterial vasodilators)

A

Fenoldopam (IV)

83
Q

Used for hypertensive emergency; its ADR includes accumulation of cyanide (Examples of arterial and venous vasodilators)

A

Na Nitroprusside (IV)

84
Q

Thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs are used for the initiation of pharmacologic treatment in the general __________ population

85
Q

Thiazide diuretics and calcium channel blockers are used for the initiation of pharmacologic treatment in the general __________ population

86
Q

4 antihypertensives used in pregnancy (MNHL)

A

Methyldopa, Nifedipine, Hydralazine, Labetalol

87
Q

ADR of spironolactone

A

Gynecomastia

88
Q

ADR of triamterene

A

Kidney stones

89
Q

The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary artery

90
Q

The only vein that carries oxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary vein

91
Q

Heart contraction; lub; top number

92
Q

Heart relaxation; dub; bottom number

93
Q

Its unit is volume/beat

A

Stroke volume

94
Q

Its unit is beats/min

A

Heart rate

95
Q

Its unit is mL/min

A

Cardiac output

96
Q

Refers to tension before contraction

97
Q

Refers to tension after contraction

98
Q

Refers to the resistance of blood flow

A

Peripheral resistance

99
Q

Refers to volume inside the blood vessels

A

Intravascular volume

100
Q

Is the primary extracellular fluid cation

101
Q

Also known as total peripheral resistance

A

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

102
Q

Renin is released from the __________

103
Q

Angiotensinogen is released from the __________

104
Q

Renin acts on angiotensinogen to form __________

A

Angiotensin I

105
Q

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is released from the __________

106
Q

ACE acts on angiotensin I to form __________

A

Angiotensin II

107
Q

__________ acts directly on blood vessels stimulating vasoconstriction

A

Angiotensin II

108
Q

__________ acts on the kidneys to stimulate reabsorption

A

Aldosterone

109
Q

The most common chemodynamic effect of antihypertensive drugs

A

Decreased TPR

110
Q

The drug for hypertensive emergency due to ACE inhibitors

A

IV enalaprilat

111
Q

Other name for ACE

A

Kininase II

112
Q

First letters of cardioselective beta blockers

A

B, E, A, M

113
Q

Test for hemolysis

A

COOMBS test

114
Q

__________ are selective alpha-2 drugs

A

Centrally-acting sympatholytics

115
Q

Reserpine is isolated from __________

A

Rauwolfia serpentina

116
Q

Is the contraindication for nitrates

A

PDE-5 inhibitors

PH 113 - Pharmacology 1 (20 decks)

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