MIDTERM 01 - Antihypertensive Drugs Flashcards
1
Q
Organ that acts as a pump of blood into the circulatory system
A
Heart
2
Q
Term used to described the contractility of the heart
A
Inotropy
3
Q
Term used to describe the rate and rhythm of the heart
A
Chronotropy
4
Q
Term used to describe the conduction velocity of the heart
A
Dromotropy
5
Q
Organ that carries blood to/from the heart and from/to the tissues
A
Blood vessels
6
Q
Carries blood away from the heart (Types of blood vessels)
A
Arteries
7
Q
Carries blood toward the heart (Types of blood vessels)
A
Veins
8
Q
Exchanges substances between blood and the tissues (Types of blood vessels)
A
Capillaries
9
Q
Responsible for oxygenation of blood (Types of circulation)
A
Pulmonary circulation
10
Q
Responsible for oxygenation of tissues (Types of circulation)
A
Systemic circulation
11
Q
Responsible for oxygenation of the heart (Types of circulation)
A
Coronary circulation
12
Q
The most common cardiovascular disease; increases the risk for CHD, CHF, and renal failure
A
Hypertension
13
Q
BP of 180 mmHg SBP or 120 mmHg DBP (Stages of hypertension)
A
Hypertensive crisis
14
Q
No end organ damage (Stages of hypertension)
A
Hypertensive urgency
15
Q
With end organ damage (Stages of hypertension)
A
Hypertensive emergency
16
Q
“Essential” hypertension; 80-95%; due to familial, environmental, and genetic factors (Types of hypertension)
A
Primary hypertension
17
Q
5-20%; due to other disease (Types of hypertension)
A
Secondary hypertension
18
Q
According to this mechanism, the greater the heart muscle is stretched during filling, the greater is the force of contraction in the aorta
A
Frank-Starling mechanism
19
Q
__________ is related to NaCl intake
A
Intravascular volume
20
Q
Leads to increase in blood pressure and tubular reabsorption of Na+ (Examples of ɑ-adrenergic antagonists)
A
ɑ1 Drugs
21
Q
Leads to a decrease in blood pressure (Examples of ɑ-adrenergic antagonists)
A
ɑ2 Drugs
22
Q
Leads to an increase in blood pressure and renin release (Examples of β-adrenergic antagonists)
A
β1 Drugs
23
Q
Leads to a decrease in blood pressure (Examples of beta-adrenergic antagonists)
A
β2 Drugs
24
Q
Reflex that causes a decrease in sympathetic outflow and increase in parasympathetic outflow whenever an increase in blood pressure occurs
A
Baroreceptor reflex
25
Refers a hormone system that controls blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte levels
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
26
Hormone responsible for vasoconstriction and NaCl reabsorption; part of RAAS
Angiotensin II
27
Hormone responsible for NaCl reabsorption; part of RAAS
Aldosterone
28
Inhibits Na+ reabsorption; reduces fluid buildup in the body (Types of antihypertensive drugs)
Diuretics
29
Blocks the NCC in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) (Types of diuretics)
Thiazide diuretics
30
Used for mild or moderate hypertension and normal renal and cardiac function (Types of diuretics)
Thiazide diuretics
31
Prototype drug of thiazide diuretics
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
32
The parent compound of thiazide diuretics is __________
Chlorothiazide
33
Examples of this include hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and indapamide (Types of diuretics)
Thiazide diuretics
34
2 prototype drugs of loop diuretics (FE)
Furosemide, Ethacrynic acid
35
High-ceiling, most efficacious diuretics; inhibits NKCC2 in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle (Types of diuretics)
Loop diuretics
36
Used for severe hypertension, renal insufficiency, cardiac failure, or cirrhosis (Types of diuretics)
Loop diuretics
37
Examples of this include furosemide, ethacrynic acid, bumetanide, and torsemide (Types of diuretics)
Loop diuretics
38
Used to avoid excessive potassium depletion and to enhance the natriuretic effects of other diuretics (Types of diuretics)
K+ Sparing diuretics
39
__________ and __________ block aldosterone receptors (Examples of K+ sparing diuretics) (SE)
Spironolactone, Eplerenone
40
__________ and __________ block Na+ entry in the ENaC in the apical membrane of the collecting tubule (Examples of K+ sparing diuretics) (AT)
Amiloride, Triamterene
41
Work by inhibiting the RAAS, which regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolytes (Types of antihypertensive drugs)
RAAS inhibitors
42
Blocks binding site of renin in angiotensinogen; used for primary hypertension (Types of RAAS inhibitors)
Aliskiren
43
All ACE inhibitors are prodrugs except __________ and __________ (CL)
Captopril, Lisinopril
44
Inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE); used for hypertension with CKD, diabetes, and heart failure (Types of RAAS inhibitors)
ACE inhibitors
45
Blocks the AT1 receptor; has the same uses as ACE inhibitors (hypertension with CKD, diabetes, and heart failure) (Types of RAAS inhibitors)
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
46
Blocks voltage-gated L-type calcium channel and thereby block Ca2+ influx into the cardiac and arterial smooth muscles (Types of antihypertensive drugs)
Ca2+ Channel blockers (CCBs)
47
Has vascular effect only; leads to vasodilation, decreased TPR, and increased CO (Types of calcium channel blockers)
Dihydropyridines
48
Has vascular and cardiac effects; leads to vasodilation and decreased heart rate, and decreased TPR and CO (Types of calcium channel blockers)
Non-dihydropyridines
49
Amlodipine (Types of calcium channel blockers)
Dihydropyridine
50
Felodipine (Types of calcium channel blockers)
Dihydropyridine
51
Isradipine (Types of calcium channel blockers)
Dihydropyridine
52
Nicardipine (Types of calcium channel blockers)
Dihydropyridine
53
Nifedipine (Types of calcium channel blockers)
Dihydropyridine
54
Nisoldipine (Types of calcium channel blockers)
Dihydropyridine
55
Clevidipine (IV) (Types of calcium channel blockers)
Dihydropyridine
56
Verapamil (Types of calcium channel blockers)
Non-dihydropyridine
57
Diltiazem (Types of calcium channel blockers)
Non-dihydropyridine
58
Drugs used to reduce the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, thus decreasing blood pressure (Types of antihypertensive drugs)
Sympatholytics
59
Competitively blocks beta receptors and decreases renin; used for mild to moderate hypertension (Types of sympatholytics)
β-blockers
60
Propranolol, nadolol, pindolol, penbutolol, timolol, labetalol, carvedilol, and carteolol are examples of __________ β-blockers
Nonselective
61
Bisoprolol, metoprolol, atenolol, acebutolol, nebivolol, esmolol, betaxolol, and celiprolol are examples of __________ β-blockers
Cardioselective
62
Pindolol, acebutolol, carteolol, celiprolol, penbutolol, and labetalol are examples of β-blockers with __________
Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA)
63
__________ and __________ are examples of β-blockers with α1-antagonist activity; they are used for pheochromocytoma and hypertensive emergencies (CL)
Carvedilol, Labetalol
64
__________, __________, and __________ are examples of β-blockers with no production (CNC)
Celiprolol, Nebivolol, Carteolol
65
Phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine are __________ α-blockers
Nonselective
66
Blocks all α-receptors; used for the diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma (Types of α-blockers)
Nonselective α-blockers
67
Prazosin, terazosin, and doxazosin are examples of __________ α1 blockers
Selective
68
Blocks α1-receptors in arterioles and venules; used in combination with β-blockers or diuretics in hypertension (Types of α-blockers)
Selective α1-blockers
69
An analog of levodopa; used for hypertension in pregnancy (Examples of centrally-acting sympatholytics)
Methyldopa
70
Used as agonists at α2-receptors in the medulla; abrupt withdrawal can cause hypertensive crisis (Examples of centrally-acting sympatholytics) (CGG)
Clonidine, Guanfacine, Guanabenz
71
Interferes with VMAT thereby inhibiting storage of biogenic amines; ADRs include sedation, nightmares, and severe mental depression (Examples of adrenergic neuron blocking agents)
Reserpine
72
Blocks release of NE from sympathetic nerve endings; causes delayed or retrograde ejaculation (Examples of adrenergic neuron blocking agents) (GG)
Guanethidine, Guanadrel
73
Causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscles; used in combination with other antihypertensive drugs (oral) and hypertensive emergencies (parenteral) (Types of antihypertensive drugs)
Direct vasodilators
74
Hydralazine (Types of direct vasodilators)
Arterial vasodilator
75
Minoxidil (Types of direct vasodilators)
Arterial vasodilator
76
Diazoxide (Types of direct vasodilator)
Arterial vasodilators
77
Fenoldopam (Types of direct vasodilator)
Arterial vasodilators
78
Nitroprusside (Types of direct vasodilator)
Arterial and venous vasodilators
79
Used for congestive heart failure and preeclampsia; its MOA is unknown (Examples of arterial vasodilators)
Hydralazine (PO)
80
Used for severe hypertension that responds poorly to other antihypertensives; also used topically for hair regrowth (Examples of arterial vasodilators)
Minoxidil (PO)
81
Used for hypertensive emergency and hypoglycemia secondary to insulinoma (Examples of arterial vasodilators)
Diazoxide (IV)
82
Used for hypertensive emergency and postoperative hypertension (Examples of arterial vasodilators)
Fenoldopam (IV)
83
Used for hypertensive emergency; its ADR includes accumulation of cyanide (Examples of arterial and venous vasodilators)
Na Nitroprusside (IV)
84
Thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs are used for the initiation of pharmacologic treatment in the general __________ population
Nonblack
85
Thiazide diuretics and calcium channel blockers are used for the initiation of pharmacologic treatment in the general __________ population
Black
86
4 antihypertensives used in pregnancy (MNHL)
Methyldopa, Nifedipine, Hydralazine, Labetalol
87
ADR of spironolactone
Gynecomastia
88
ADR of triamterene
Kidney stones
89
The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary artery
90
The only vein that carries oxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein
91
Heart contraction; lub; top number
Systole
92
Heart relaxation; dub; bottom number
Diastole
93
Its unit is volume/beat
Stroke volume
94
Its unit is beats/min
Heart rate
95
Its unit is mL/min
Cardiac output
96
Refers to tension before contraction
Preload
97
Refers to tension after contraction
Afterload
98
Refers to the resistance of blood flow
Peripheral resistance
99
Refers to volume inside the blood vessels
Intravascular volume
100
Is the primary extracellular fluid cation
Na+
101
Also known as total peripheral resistance
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
102
Renin is released from the __________
Kidney
103
Angiotensinogen is released from the __________
Liver
104
Renin acts on angiotensinogen to form __________
Angiotensin I
105
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is released from the __________
Lungs
106
ACE acts on angiotensin I to form __________
Angiotensin II
107
__________ acts directly on blood vessels stimulating vasoconstriction
Angiotensin II
108
__________ acts on the kidneys to stimulate reabsorption
Aldosterone
109
The most common chemodynamic effect of antihypertensive drugs
Decreased TPR
110
The drug for hypertensive emergency due to ACE inhibitors
IV enalaprilat
111
Other name for ACE
Kininase II
112
First letters of cardioselective beta blockers
B, E, A, M
113
Test for hemolysis
COOMBS test
114
__________ are selective alpha-2 drugs
Centrally-acting sympatholytics
115
Reserpine is isolated from __________
Rauwolfia serpentina
116
Is the contraindication for nitrates
PDE-5 inhibitors
