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Psych 220 (Developmental Psych) > Middle Childhood - Ch. 8-9 > Flashcards

Middle Childhood - Ch. 8-9 Flashcards

1
Q

play development

u/s/o/p/a/c

A

unoccupied play: non-structured wiggles and kicks

solitary play: structures play with themes and movement, done by themselves

onlooker play: little kids watch other kids play

parallel play: kids play next to each other but do not interact

associative play: do their own thing but might share a toy, ex; play doh colors

cooperative play: kids play together with a common goal, shared

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2
Q

form/context of play

s/f/c/s/d/g

A

sensorimotor play: basic, repetitive muscle exercise

functional (practice) play: involves an object and a goal, ex; ball to target

constructive play: building something, ex; a house of blocks

social play: socializing while you play with others. TAGGED ON TO OTHER FORMS.

dramatic play: play with a theme, ex; deku and inko playing all-might

games: play that has RULES and is COMPETITIVE. monopoly, candyland, softball.

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3
Q

primordial gonads

A

the outside, the CORTEX, becomes the OVARY

the inside, the MEDULLA, becomes the TESTES

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4
Q

wolffian vs. mullerian duct systems

A

w: male reproductive tract

m: female reproductive tract

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5
Q

SRY on the Y chromosome

A

kicks off development of the medulla/testes. when absent, you get ovaries

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6
Q

DSS on the X chromosome

A

promotes girls, if not present you get testes

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7
Q

about 1 in ____ kids are intersex.

A

1500

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8
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

high levels of hormones that make labia/clit look more masculine and thick. these kids have high scores on rotation tests that boys excel at.

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9
Q

turner’s symdrome

A

tend to be small with poor spacial perception. genitals look feminine but there’s no menstruation, a chromosome dropped somewhere during development. puberty doesn’t happen.

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10
Q

klinefelter’s syndrome

A

have XXY, a boy but they grow breasts in puberty. have delayed speech and reading difficulties.

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11
Q

5-alpha reductase/guevodoces

A

kids are born with a vagina but grow a penis at age 12.

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12
Q

gender identity

A

issues with intersex kids, it’s our knowledge of being male, female, both, or neither

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13
Q

gender dysphoria

A

kids don’t have an understanding of how they loos vs. how they identify, there are trans kids. emerges from 2/3 years old

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14
Q

gender role

A

knowledge of the culture’s attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs associated with one biological sex over the other. rigid, binary.

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15
Q

gender role stereotypes

A

when we rigidly impose gender roles on people

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16
Q

self concept

A

set of attributes/abilities/attitudes/values that define ‘me’. develops in 3-5 year olds.

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17
Q

self-esteem

A

judgement we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements

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18
Q

direct vs. indirect parental influences on early peer relations

A

d: suggesting how to solve conflicts, setting up playdates for children

i: playing together with their child, observing communication

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19
Q

induction

A

adult makes the child aware of misbehavior by pointing out the effect of the misbehavior on others

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20
Q

moral imperatives
- social conventions
- matters of personal choice

A

mr: protect people’s rights and welfare

sc: table manners, rules for social interaction

pc: choice of things that don’t violate other ppl’s rights and are up to the individual (ex; haircut)

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21
Q

gender typing

A

associating objects, activities, roles or traits with males or females in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes

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22
Q

gender constancy

A

understanding that gender is biologically based and permanent, ex; sex stays the same even if you act differently

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23
Q

gender schema theory

A

environmental pressures and children’s cognitions work together to shape gender role development.

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24
Q

child rearing styles

a/a/p/u

A

authoritative (best): high acceptance and involvement, autonomy, teaching moments

authoritarian: low acceptance, coercive control, low autonomy

permissive: overindulgent, inattentive, too much autonomy

uninvolved: low acceptance/involvement, indifference to autonomy

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25
Q

psychological control

A

used by authoritarian parents, where kids’ words, individuality, and attachment are manipulated by the parent.

ex; i’m mad so i give you the silent treatment and make you squirm

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26
Q

obesity

A

greater than 20% increase over healthy body weight, based on BMI/weight to height ratio

BMI>85 = overweight
BMI>95 = obese

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27
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness

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28
Q

motor development in play occurs along these routes

f/b/a/f

A

flexibility, balance, agility, force.

girls have fine motor skills but outperform boys in agility tasks. boys have gross motor skills and outperform on force.

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29
Q

rough and tumble play

A

chasing and play fighting, adaptive

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30
Q

dominance hierarchy

A

within a group, stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win a conflict

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31
Q

transitive inference (piaget)

A

ability to seriate mentally

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32
Q

cognitive maps (piaget)

A

mental representation of spaces, ex; school or bedroom

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33
Q

rehearsal

A

repeating information to yourself to try and remember it

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34
Q

organization

A

grouping related items together to try and remember information

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35
Q

elaboration

A

creating a relationship between 2+ pieces of information that don’t belong to the same category

36
Q

recursive thought (theory of mind)

A

to reason simultaneously about what two or more people are thinking

37
Q

cognitive self-regulation

A

process of continuously monitoring progress to a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts

38
Q

reading and academic learning approaches
wl/p

A

whole-language approach: kids should be exposed to text in its fully form from the start

phonics approach: kids first need to understand that written symbols translate to sounds

a combination of both is ideal.

39
Q

Gardner’s multiple intelligences
l/l/m/s/b/n/i/i

A

linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal

40
Q

flynn effect

A

IQs increased steadily from one generation to the next

41
Q

dynamic assessment

A

adult introduces purposeful teaching into testing situations to fins what the kid can do with social support

42
Q

traditional vs. constructivist vs. social constructivist classrooms

A

t: teacher is the sole authority, kids are evaluated based on how well they match up to standards set for their grade

c: students need to build their own knowledge and a teacher is there to guide and support them. kids are evaluated by considering their progress since they started.

sc: kids work together to build their understandings

43
Q

inclusive classrooms

A

kids with learning disabilities are in the same room as the normal kids

44
Q

divergent vs. convergent thinking

A

d: generate multiple unusual possibilities to a problem/task

c: get to the single correct answer

45
Q

resilience and transgender youth project

A

trans youth feel excluded and isolated in traditional school environments.
they express resilience by reaching out to friends and other supportive people, and by advocating for their needs.
parents initially struggle to provide support but are good

46
Q

theories of gender typing

p/sl/cd/gs

A

psychoanalytic: freud, oedipal and electra conflict, parents are responsible for their kids 100% and girls have penis envy

social learning: symbolic imitation (imitating media), reinforcement and modeling

cognitive developmental: kids go through stages to figure themselves out. gender identity (2), gender stability (3-4), gender constancy (5-7). once established kids hate the other gender

gender schema: combines sl and cg, kids learn through imitation, reinforcement and punishment but use this information to construct their gender schema

47
Q

dittmar et. al (barbie)

A

162 5-8 year old girls were shown images of barbie vs. emmy doll vs. no doll. then completed assessments of body image. those who viewed barbie wanted to be skinnier, no effects on emmy or no doll

48
Q

rheingold and cook (gender and kids’ environments, 1975)

A

48 boys and girls under 6, catalogued the room

boys: vehicles, educational art materials, sports, toy animals, machines, military toys, animal motifs

girls: dolls, dollhouses, domestic toys, cleaning stuff, floral motifs, fringe/lace/ruffles

49
Q

blakemore and centers (2005) kid’s toys

A

had 300 undergrads evaluate boys and girls toys as being suitable to one, the other, or both
(strong masc, mid masc, neut, mid fem, strong fem)
then put into sets of 15 toys with 3 from each category. had 700 eval.
girls: physical attractiveness, nurture, domestic
boys: dangerous, competitive, exciting
most educational were neut/mod masc

50
Q

pomerleau (2004) kids rooms

A

looked at 120 kids roomed for 5, 13, 25 month olds.

boys: sports, vehicles, blue/red/white clothing, blue bedding

girls: dolly, child furniture, pink/multicolored clothes, yellow bedding, jewelry

majority of items provided by women

51
Q

randall et. all (2007) middle school rooms

A

239 8th/9th graders’ rooms.

girls: stuffed animals, photos of themselves

boys: building sets and models’

elements of pop culture in both

52
Q

obesogenic environment (CDC)

A

different foods are available to different people, sedentary activities like screen time, and sugar

53
Q

externality hypothesis

A

how aware are you of your hunger? external cues override internal state.

54
Q

fleming (2018) tv and food

A

used nielson data from 2008 to 2012. looked at food advertising in kids and it increased between 08-12, blacks see more food advents than whites (30% increase vs. 18% increase)

55
Q

the best way to treat childhood obesity is through:

A

family based intervention (exercise and eating patterns)

56
Q

silhouette studies

A

asking kids to point to how they look in thin vs. fat drawing, and also ask how they WANT to look. girls have bigger gaps

57
Q

4th grade weight concerns (thompson, corwin)

A

827 black/white girls and boys in 4th grade. showed pictures of varied weight adults, asked to pick an ideal.

blacks: they see themselves heavy and select heavier ideals
whites: girls want smaller ideals than actual, higher drive for thinness in white girls

58
Q

body image and social comparison (tatangelo)

A

8-10 year olds did interviews and focus groups. asked about appearance related comparisons. they were more common for girls, boys were about sports. girls also comp. themselves to media and feel bad about it, but boys find it inspiring

59
Q

fluid intelligence vs. crystallized

A

f: ability to deal with novelty, ex; conservation

c: things you can teach, ex; who’s the president

60
Q

stanford-binet and wechsler

A

wanted to identify kids struggling in class, picked up by army in WWI and transferred into schools. results depend on who tests you.

61
Q

jensen found that there were ________ differences in IQ and chalked it up to biology, leading to cuts in funding.

A

racial

62
Q

hernstein and murray said that people with a high IQ would ______ to the ____ of society

A

rise, top

63
Q

_____ ses blacks did better than low on IQ tests.

A

high

64
Q

iq test results are determined by how white vs black moms interact with their children. whiles are ready to ______

A

test

65
Q

mckowan (stereotype threat)

A

gave 6-10 year old kids verbal tests. some were told is was not a test while others were told it measures how good kids were at school problems. asked them about racial stereotypes. withs w/stereotypes and black/mexican did worse.

66
Q

sternberg’s triarchic intelligence
c/e/c

A

componential - info processing, metacognition, strategic application of problem-solving strats, knowledge acquisition (what do i need to know to solve this)

experiential - novelty of tasks, automatization of skills

contextual - apply your abilities practically, adapting (change yourself to succeed), shaping (change enviro to succeed) and selecting (choose new enviro to succeed)

67
Q

sociometric status (peer acceptance) 5
p/r/c/n/a

A

popular kids: well liked
rejected kids: well dislikes
controversial kids: split on liked or disliked
neglected kids: the quiet ones, didn’t get many or any votes.
average: make up 1/3rd of the classroom

rejected and average kids had shit communication, while popular kids were really good at it

68
Q

two types of rejected kids
a/w

A

rejected aggressive: the bullies, they are shit at taking others’ perspectives
rejected withdrawn: the targets, they’re socially awkward and cannot defend themselves

69
Q

risk factors for bullying
d/w/ses/lg/b

A

kids seen as:
different, weak, shit socioeconomic status, lgbtq+, biological

70
Q

epigenetic possibilities (muldur er. al 2020) bullying

A

looked at the impact of bullying on victims, and found that bullied kids activated methylated sites for heart development and brain function, ex; they are physically impacted by the bullying

71
Q

boys vs. girls reactions to divorce

A

boys act out and have immediate adjustment problems, while girls have long-term hetero relationships and have earlier sexual debuts OR are romantically avoidant

72
Q

the conflict of middle childhood is __________ vs. ___________

A

industry vs. inferiority

73
Q

person vs. process praise

A

person emphasizes the child’s traits (you’re so smart!)
person emphasized the behavior and effort (you figured it out!)

74
Q

problem vs. emotion centered coping

A

problem: situation is changeable after identifying difficulties and deciding what to do about it. ALWAYS DONE FIRST

emotion: internal, private, aims to control the distress when little can be done about an outcome

75
Q

prejudice is determined by
f/se/g

A

fixed view of personality traits
overly high self-esteem
people are sorted into groups in the social world

76
Q

peer groups

A

collectives that generate unique values and standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers

77
Q

peer victimization

A

certain children become targets of abuse, and the targets are resistant attachment kids

78
Q

gender typicality vs. contentedness

A

degree to which you feel similar to others of your same gender, and how comfy you are with your gender assignment

79
Q

co-regulation

A

form of supervision where the parent oversees but the kid makes all the moment-to-moment decisions

80
Q

self-care children

A

kids who have to regularly look after themselves for some period of time after school, latchkey kids

81
Q

banana split resource

A

for divorce and kids, increases kids’ self esteem, provides a safe space, and trains children in coping and problem-solving skills.

82
Q

children’s cartoons are the most _________ of all.

A

violent

83
Q

cultivation effect

A

when your tv/video game intake influences your worldview. ex; adults who routines watch the news are pessimistic and worried for their safety more than others

84
Q

g-rated films and violence (yokota)

A

9.5 average minutes of violence, in 62% at least one character gets injured, 125 total injuries of which 62 were fatal, and at least one person in each film celebrated the injury

85
Q

excessive tv viewing is linked to:
o/i/c/l

A

obesity, inactivity, confusing messages about sex, lower academic performance

Psych 220 (Developmental Psych) (10 decks)

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