Middle Childhood - Ch. 8-9 Flashcards
play development
u/s/o/p/a/c
unoccupied play: non-structured wiggles and kicks
solitary play: structures play with themes and movement, done by themselves
onlooker play: little kids watch other kids play
parallel play: kids play next to each other but do not interact
associative play: do their own thing but might share a toy, ex; play doh colors
cooperative play: kids play together with a common goal, shared
form/context of play
s/f/c/s/d/g
sensorimotor play: basic, repetitive muscle exercise
functional (practice) play: involves an object and a goal, ex; ball to target
constructive play: building something, ex; a house of blocks
social play: socializing while you play with others. TAGGED ON TO OTHER FORMS.
dramatic play: play with a theme, ex; deku and inko playing all-might
games: play that has RULES and is COMPETITIVE. monopoly, candyland, softball.
primordial gonads
the outside, the CORTEX, becomes the OVARY
the inside, the MEDULLA, becomes the TESTES
wolffian vs. mullerian duct systems
w: male reproductive tract
m: female reproductive tract
SRY on the Y chromosome
kicks off development of the medulla/testes. when absent, you get ovaries
DSS on the X chromosome
promotes girls, if not present you get testes
about 1 in ____ kids are intersex.
1500
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
high levels of hormones that make labia/clit look more masculine and thick. these kids have high scores on rotation tests that boys excel at.
turner’s symdrome
tend to be small with poor spacial perception. genitals look feminine but there’s no menstruation, a chromosome dropped somewhere during development. puberty doesn’t happen.
klinefelter’s syndrome
have XXY, a boy but they grow breasts in puberty. have delayed speech and reading difficulties.
5-alpha reductase/guevodoces
kids are born with a vagina but grow a penis at age 12.
gender identity
issues with intersex kids, it’s our knowledge of being male, female, both, or neither
gender dysphoria
kids don’t have an understanding of how they loos vs. how they identify, there are trans kids. emerges from 2/3 years old
gender role
knowledge of the culture’s attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs associated with one biological sex over the other. rigid, binary.
gender role stereotypes
when we rigidly impose gender roles on people
self concept
set of attributes/abilities/attitudes/values that define ‘me’. develops in 3-5 year olds.
self-esteem
judgement we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements
direct vs. indirect parental influences on early peer relations
d: suggesting how to solve conflicts, setting up playdates for children
i: playing together with their child, observing communication
induction
adult makes the child aware of misbehavior by pointing out the effect of the misbehavior on others
moral imperatives
- social conventions
- matters of personal choice
mr: protect people’s rights and welfare
sc: table manners, rules for social interaction
pc: choice of things that don’t violate other ppl’s rights and are up to the individual (ex; haircut)
gender typing
associating objects, activities, roles or traits with males or females in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes
gender constancy
understanding that gender is biologically based and permanent, ex; sex stays the same even if you act differently
gender schema theory
environmental pressures and children’s cognitions work together to shape gender role development.
child rearing styles
a/a/p/u
authoritative (best): high acceptance and involvement, autonomy, teaching moments
authoritarian: low acceptance, coercive control, low autonomy
permissive: overindulgent, inattentive, too much autonomy
uninvolved: low acceptance/involvement, indifference to autonomy
psychological control
used by authoritarian parents, where kids’ words, individuality, and attachment are manipulated by the parent.
ex; i’m mad so i give you the silent treatment and make you squirm
obesity
greater than 20% increase over healthy body weight, based on BMI/weight to height ratio
BMI>85 = overweight
BMI>95 = obese
myopia
nearsightedness
motor development in play occurs along these routes
f/b/a/f
flexibility, balance, agility, force.
girls have fine motor skills but outperform boys in agility tasks. boys have gross motor skills and outperform on force.
rough and tumble play
chasing and play fighting, adaptive
dominance hierarchy
within a group, stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win a conflict
transitive inference (piaget)
ability to seriate mentally
cognitive maps (piaget)
mental representation of spaces, ex; school or bedroom
rehearsal
repeating information to yourself to try and remember it
organization
grouping related items together to try and remember information
elaboration
creating a relationship between 2+ pieces of information that don’t belong to the same category
recursive thought (theory of mind)
to reason simultaneously about what two or more people are thinking
cognitive self-regulation
process of continuously monitoring progress to a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts
reading and academic learning approaches
wl/p
whole-language approach: kids should be exposed to text in its fully form from the start
phonics approach: kids first need to understand that written symbols translate to sounds
a combination of both is ideal.
Gardner’s multiple intelligences
l/l/m/s/b/n/i/i
linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal
flynn effect
IQs increased steadily from one generation to the next
dynamic assessment
adult introduces purposeful teaching into testing situations to fins what the kid can do with social support
traditional vs. constructivist vs. social constructivist classrooms
t: teacher is the sole authority, kids are evaluated based on how well they match up to standards set for their grade
c: students need to build their own knowledge and a teacher is there to guide and support them. kids are evaluated by considering their progress since they started.
sc: kids work together to build their understandings
inclusive classrooms
kids with learning disabilities are in the same room as the normal kids
divergent vs. convergent thinking
d: generate multiple unusual possibilities to a problem/task
c: get to the single correct answer
resilience and transgender youth project
trans youth feel excluded and isolated in traditional school environments.
they express resilience by reaching out to friends and other supportive people, and by advocating for their needs.
parents initially struggle to provide support but are good
theories of gender typing
p/sl/cd/gs
psychoanalytic: freud, oedipal and electra conflict, parents are responsible for their kids 100% and girls have penis envy
social learning: symbolic imitation (imitating media), reinforcement and modeling
cognitive developmental: kids go through stages to figure themselves out. gender identity (2), gender stability (3-4), gender constancy (5-7). once established kids hate the other gender
gender schema: combines sl and cg, kids learn through imitation, reinforcement and punishment but use this information to construct their gender schema
dittmar et. al (barbie)
162 5-8 year old girls were shown images of barbie vs. emmy doll vs. no doll. then completed assessments of body image. those who viewed barbie wanted to be skinnier, no effects on emmy or no doll
rheingold and cook (gender and kids’ environments, 1975)
48 boys and girls under 6, catalogued the room
boys: vehicles, educational art materials, sports, toy animals, machines, military toys, animal motifs
girls: dolls, dollhouses, domestic toys, cleaning stuff, floral motifs, fringe/lace/ruffles
blakemore and centers (2005) kid’s toys
had 300 undergrads evaluate boys and girls toys as being suitable to one, the other, or both
(strong masc, mid masc, neut, mid fem, strong fem)
then put into sets of 15 toys with 3 from each category. had 700 eval.
girls: physical attractiveness, nurture, domestic
boys: dangerous, competitive, exciting
most educational were neut/mod masc
pomerleau (2004) kids rooms
looked at 120 kids roomed for 5, 13, 25 month olds.
boys: sports, vehicles, blue/red/white clothing, blue bedding
girls: dolly, child furniture, pink/multicolored clothes, yellow bedding, jewelry
majority of items provided by women
randall et. all (2007) middle school rooms
239 8th/9th graders’ rooms.
girls: stuffed animals, photos of themselves
boys: building sets and models’
elements of pop culture in both
obesogenic environment (CDC)
different foods are available to different people, sedentary activities like screen time, and sugar
externality hypothesis
how aware are you of your hunger? external cues override internal state.
fleming (2018) tv and food
used nielson data from 2008 to 2012. looked at food advertising in kids and it increased between 08-12, blacks see more food advents than whites (30% increase vs. 18% increase)
the best way to treat childhood obesity is through:
family based intervention (exercise and eating patterns)
silhouette studies
asking kids to point to how they look in thin vs. fat drawing, and also ask how they WANT to look. girls have bigger gaps
4th grade weight concerns (thompson, corwin)
827 black/white girls and boys in 4th grade. showed pictures of varied weight adults, asked to pick an ideal.
blacks: they see themselves heavy and select heavier ideals
whites: girls want smaller ideals than actual, higher drive for thinness in white girls
body image and social comparison (tatangelo)
8-10 year olds did interviews and focus groups. asked about appearance related comparisons. they were more common for girls, boys were about sports. girls also comp. themselves to media and feel bad about it, but boys find it inspiring
fluid intelligence vs. crystallized
f: ability to deal with novelty, ex; conservation
c: things you can teach, ex; who’s the president
stanford-binet and wechsler
wanted to identify kids struggling in class, picked up by army in WWI and transferred into schools. results depend on who tests you.
jensen found that there were ________ differences in IQ and chalked it up to biology, leading to cuts in funding.
racial
hernstein and murray said that people with a high IQ would ______ to the ____ of society
rise, top
_____ ses blacks did better than low on IQ tests.
high
iq test results are determined by how white vs black moms interact with their children. whiles are ready to ______
test
mckowan (stereotype threat)
gave 6-10 year old kids verbal tests. some were told is was not a test while others were told it measures how good kids were at school problems. asked them about racial stereotypes. withs w/stereotypes and black/mexican did worse.
sternberg’s triarchic intelligence
c/e/c
componential - info processing, metacognition, strategic application of problem-solving strats, knowledge acquisition (what do i need to know to solve this)
experiential - novelty of tasks, automatization of skills
contextual - apply your abilities practically, adapting (change yourself to succeed), shaping (change enviro to succeed) and selecting (choose new enviro to succeed)
sociometric status (peer acceptance) 5
p/r/c/n/a
popular kids: well liked
rejected kids: well dislikes
controversial kids: split on liked or disliked
neglected kids: the quiet ones, didn’t get many or any votes.
average: make up 1/3rd of the classroom
rejected and average kids had shit communication, while popular kids were really good at it
two types of rejected kids
a/w
rejected aggressive: the bullies, they are shit at taking others’ perspectives
rejected withdrawn: the targets, they’re socially awkward and cannot defend themselves
risk factors for bullying
d/w/ses/lg/b
kids seen as:
different, weak, shit socioeconomic status, lgbtq+, biological
epigenetic possibilities (muldur er. al 2020) bullying
looked at the impact of bullying on victims, and found that bullied kids activated methylated sites for heart development and brain function, ex; they are physically impacted by the bullying
boys vs. girls reactions to divorce
boys act out and have immediate adjustment problems, while girls have long-term hetero relationships and have earlier sexual debuts OR are romantically avoidant
the conflict of middle childhood is __________ vs. ___________
industry vs. inferiority
person vs. process praise
person emphasizes the child’s traits (you’re so smart!)
person emphasized the behavior and effort (you figured it out!)
problem vs. emotion centered coping
problem: situation is changeable after identifying difficulties and deciding what to do about it. ALWAYS DONE FIRST
emotion: internal, private, aims to control the distress when little can be done about an outcome
prejudice is determined by
f/se/g
fixed view of personality traits
overly high self-esteem
people are sorted into groups in the social world
peer groups
collectives that generate unique values and standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers
peer victimization
certain children become targets of abuse, and the targets are resistant attachment kids
gender typicality vs. contentedness
degree to which you feel similar to others of your same gender, and how comfy you are with your gender assignment
co-regulation
form of supervision where the parent oversees but the kid makes all the moment-to-moment decisions
self-care children
kids who have to regularly look after themselves for some period of time after school, latchkey kids
banana split resource
for divorce and kids, increases kids’ self esteem, provides a safe space, and trains children in coping and problem-solving skills.
children’s cartoons are the most _________ of all.
violent
cultivation effect
when your tv/video game intake influences your worldview. ex; adults who routines watch the news are pessimistic and worried for their safety more than others
g-rated films and violence (yokota)
9.5 average minutes of violence, in 62% at least one character gets injured, 125 total injuries of which 62 were fatal, and at least one person in each film celebrated the injury
excessive tv viewing is linked to:
o/i/c/l
obesity, inactivity, confusing messages about sex, lower academic performance
