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Middle ages Flashcards

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1
Q

How long did the Medieval civilization last in Western Europe

A

About 1k years

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2
Q

The Middle Ages is the period between what

A

The ancient and modern world

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3
Q

Who overthrew Europe in 475 A.D that marked the beginning of this period

A

Germanic Barbarian tribes

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4
Q

Western Europe was what

A

Illiterate and spiritually lost in early part of this period

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5
Q

The Middle Ages created a combination of what 4 cultures/civilizations

A

Greeks, Romans, Germans, Christians

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6
Q

Who were the franks

A

They were from what is modern day France, King merowig came from here

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7
Q

Who was Clovis

A

The first Barbarian Germanic king to accept Christianity

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8
Q

What happened in A.D 700 that Merowig Kings did

A

They lost interest in ruling and created the Mayor of the Palace, Major Domos, managers

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9
Q

Who was Charles Martel

A

The first Mayor of the Palace, “savior of Christianity”

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10
Q

What did Charles Martel do

A

He defeated the Muslim army at the battle of Tours ( Gaul ) the victory stopped Spanish Muslims ( moors ) invading Europe

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11
Q

Because of the victory at battle of tours what happened

A

Christianity remained the dominant religion

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12
Q

What does Charles Martel give the Catholic Church

A

The land called the Papal States ( Vatican ) as a gift for their support

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13
Q

Who was pepin the short

A

He overthrew the Merovingian kings and starts line of Carolingian Kings ( Carol = Charles )

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14
Q

Who was Charlemagne

A

Charles the great, a new Frankish king and the founder of Europe

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15
Q

What were charlemagnes achievements

A 
He doubles the size of holdings
Defeats 5 of the 10 tribes
Creates Frankish empire
He is the first emperor to unite all of West. euro
Creates new Christian Roman Empire
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16
Q

Charlemagne was rewarded by the pope by being crowned what

A

The first Holy Roman emperor in a.d 800

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17
Q

Charlemagne divides the kingdom into how many what

A

350 counties, officials known as counts chosen to help rule his empire

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18
Q

Who were the missi dominici

A

Royal messengers who kept an eye on the counts for the emperor

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19
Q

When does Charlemagne die

A

A.D 814

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20
Q

Who was Charlemagnes son

A

Louis the pius, he wanted to be bishop and not rule, not a strong leader and dies

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21
Q

What happens at Louis’ death

A

The 3 grandsons of Charlemagne split the empire into 3 parts (treaty of verdun )

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22
Q

What happens to the empire

A

The empire collapses and leaves it ripe for invasion and chaos, disunity weakens empire

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23
Q

Between 800 and 1000 A.D what 3 groups cause problems

A

Magyars, Vikings, and Muslims, this ushers in feudalism

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24
Q

Who were the Vikings

A

Most destructive, came from Scandinavian countries, trading people, traded wherever they raided

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25
Q

What was another name for Vikings and where else did they come from

A

They were called Norsemen/Northmen and from Norway, Denmark, and Sweden kingdoms

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26
Q

The Vikings were what

A

Savage warriors who traveled on long boats, boats had paddles and shields on the side, most feared group in Europe, nowhere in Europe was safe

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27
Q

What did the Vikings do

A

Raided coastal towns of West. Euro

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28
Q

Where were some settlements of Vikings found

A

Iceland, Greenland, and coast of Great Britain, Normandy, and Kiev ( Russia )

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29
Q

Who were 4 famous Vikings

A

Ragnar Lodbrok, his son Bjornn Ironsides, Eric the red, and Leif erikson

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30
Q

What is Norse myth

A

Their religion

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31
Q

Who are 4 of their gods

A 
Odin = chief of gods, like Zeus
Thor = god of thunder/battle
Loki= god of mischief, trickster
Freya = goddess of war
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32
Q

What is Valhalla

A

Heaven for the Vikings, a banquet hall

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33
Q

Who were the valkyries

A

They decided your fate, who would live and die in battle

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34
Q

What were sagas

A

Long epics, about history?

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35
Q

Raids of the Vikings what

A

Greatly weakened monarchs/kings and small isolated European communities

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36
Q

Nobles/local officials did what

A

Took over the defense of communities

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37
Q

They created what

A

Feudalism, a form of government which stressed alliances between monarchs and nobles based on land exchange for protection

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38
Q

Who were lords

A

Nobles who gave the land

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39
Q

Who were vassals

A

Those who received the land and provided protection

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40
Q

Who were serfs

A

People who worked on the land, peasants, could leave if wanted unlike slaves

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41
Q

Rank in power:

A

King and clergies
Nobles and lords
Knights and vassals
Peasants and serfs

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42
Q

Who were knights

A

Young nobles who had to prove themselves

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43
Q

What was homage

A

Ceremony where vassal would pledge loyalty to the lord

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44
Q

What was a fief

A

The land granted to the vassal

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45
Q

What was a manor

A

The lords estate

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46
Q

What were knights

A

Mounted warriors who protected the lord

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47
Q

What were castles

A

Fortified manors built for defense not comfort, built on a hill surrounded by a moat, cold dark and drafty

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48
Q

Who was the Lady or noblewoman

A

She had no rights and was married off on her 21st bday to a man of her fathers choosing

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49
Q

What was the lady’s responsibility

A

To have and raise children and was in charge of the household while the lord was gone

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50
Q

What were tournaments

A

Mock battles between knights, sword fights, jousting, hunting and falconry, archery, banquets, eating, and minstrel/jester performances

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51
Q

Who were troubadours

A

Traveling poets/musicians

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52
Q

What was the first stage of knights training

A

A page, at the age of 7 would learn manners, use of weapons, and horseback riding

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53
Q

What was the second stage of knights training

A

A squire, at 14, would assist a knight and protect them in battle

54
Q

What was the third stage of training for a knight

A

A knight, after proving self in battle would have a ceremony called knighthood

55
Q

What was chivalry

A

A knights code of conduct and strictly followed

56
Q

What were knights supposed to be/do

A 
Brave
Fight fairly
Keep his word
Defend the church
Defend & treat ladies well
Pay ransom for Lord if captured
57
Q

The MA’s were a time of what

A

Constant warfare and disease

58
Q

Many holidays were invented by create what

A

By the church to create truces

59
Q

What was the Peace of God

A

Pax Dei, was, peasants, women, kids, and clergies were not to be harmed

60
Q

What was the Truce of God

A

Trenga Dei, was, no fighting non holidays and Sundays

61
Q

The church became what

A

A sanctuary, protection for many during wars

62
Q

The church was what

A

Roman Catholic

63
Q

Who were clergies

A

Mediators between God & men, church officials

64
Q

What was a secular clergy

A

Lived among the people in the world, priests and bishops

65
Q

What was a regular clergy

A

Monks and nuns, they lived in monasteries & convents, took vows, lived separate from the world, spent time in prayer and reading/copying from Bible, most educated/scholars

66
Q

What were the 7 sacraments

A

Baptism
Confirmation ( coming of age at 12, responsible for self )
Marriage
Penance/confession for every sin
Eucharist/communion
Taking care of the sick
Holy orders towards deacons & elders of church

67
Q

Canon law was what

A

Church law, made church more powerful than civil law

68
Q

Pope was what

A

The archbishop of Rome, vicar of Christ, representative of Christ

69
Q

Who were cardinals

A

Advisors of Pope

70
Q

Who were archbishops

A

Bishop of archdioceses ( major cities )

71
Q

Bishops were what

A

Over a single diocese ( district under pastoral care )

72
Q

Priests were what

A

Over a single parish ( church )

73
Q

What was Lay-investiture

A

Appointment of religious officials such as bishops by secular subjects, monarchs, pope didn’t like this

74
Q

Power struggle between who happened in 1076 a.d

A

King Henry the fourth and Pope Gregory the twelfth

75
Q

Popes ended up having more what than who

A

More civil power than monarchs and kings after this, church becomes more powerful

76
Q

Excommunication happened with who

A

King Henry the ninth, begs pope to take it away

77
Q

What was the weapon used by church

A

Excommunication, banned from church

78
Q

What is an interdict

A

The kingdom banished from the church

79
Q

What is ignorance

A

The Bible was illegal to have in homes and kept in Latin so people could remain ignorant about the churches rules

80
Q

Religion and church was what

A

The unifying force during MA

81
Q

The Roman Catholic Church became very what

A

Powerful, worldly, corrupt

82
Q

What is Simony

A

Buying and selling of church offices

83
Q

The clergies had what

A

Brothels

84
Q

What was indulgences

A

Buying forgiveness of sins

85
Q

What were pagan holidays

A

Easter/Christmas, Sunday, etc

86
Q

What is the Great Schism

A

In 1054 the division of the church because of multiple popes, who has the leadership

87
Q

The RCC had what

The Easten Orthodox Church had what

A

Popes

Patriarchs

88
Q

What is the bubonic plague

A

The Black Death from 1347-1352, started in Asia and swept across Europe, killed between 1/3 and 1/2 of population, carried by fleas on rats

89
Q

How did you get the Black Plague

A

Poor hygiene, people were quarantined

90
Q

What were results of the plague

A

Peasants labor became more valuable, they had more rights

91
Q

What is the legend of King Arthur

A

It is British, a Christian allegory,

92
Q

Who was Arthur’s father

A

King Uther Pendragon

93
Q

Who is Merlin

A

Magician, close advisor of Arthur and his father

94
Q

Arthur was raised by who

A

Sir Ector, his step father basically until he was 15

95
Q

Who is Arthur’s step brother

A

Sir Kay

96
Q

What is the sword in the stone

A

It was taken out by Arthur at a tournament when he lost his knights sword, it breaks and he gets new sword from Avalon

97
Q

Who is the lady of the lake

A

They give Arthur a new sword and they are the ruler of Avalon/underworld

98
Q

What is Excalibur

A

Arthur’s new sword to defeat Mordred, only pure of heart can wield it

99
Q

Arthur does what

A

Unites England and builds kingdom of Camelot and marries Guinevere

100
Q

Guineveres father gives what to Arthur

A

The round table as part of her dowry

101
Q

All of Arthur’s 12 knights do what

A

Sit at the table where everyone is equal to the king

102
Q

Who were 3 major knights at the table

A

Lancelot = greatest and first knight
Gawain
Galahad

103
Q

What is Camelot

A

A place of peace, justice, happiness, and love,

Heaven on earth

104
Q

What is the holy grail

A

The cup Christ drank out of at the last supper

105
Q

What is the betrayal of Arthur

A

Lancelot and Guinevere fall in love and are caught kissing, to be executed, spared at the last minute

106
Q

Who is Morgana

A

Arthur’s half sister, a witch and a villain

107
Q

What does Morgana do and what is the result of it

A

She disguised herself as Guinevere and has son Mordred with Arthur

108
Q

What happens to mordred and Morgana

A

They plot to take Camelot

109
Q

What does Arthur do

A

He kills mordred, is wounded, forgives Lancelot and Guinevere and dies

110
Q

Lady of the Lake takes Arthur to where

A

Avalon/underworld

111
Q

Who does Arthur, Lancelot, Guinevere, Mordred, Merlin, and the knights represent in the story

A 
God
Adam
Eve
Satan
Holy Spirit
12 disciples
112
Q

What are the crusades

A

Lasted from 1095-1270 and meant going to the cross, wars between Christians and Muslims fought around Holy Land

113
Q

Who were crusaders

A

They wore the cross and fought around Jerusalem

114
Q

Why the holy land?

A

The Jews = Solomon’s temple, wailing wall
The Christians = birthplace of Christianity
The Muslims = dome of the rock

115
Q

How many crusades were there and how many were successful

A

9, and one

116
Q

What is the history of the holy land

A

In A.D 638, it’s taken over by the Arab Muslims and renamed Palestine

117
Q

What happened during the period of religious toleration

A

All religions were welcomed and could take pilgrimage

118
Q

what happened in 1070

A

The holy land is taken by the Seljuk Turks ( Muslims from turkey ), no more religious toleration

119
Q

What did the Seljuk Turks do

A

Massacre 3k Christians which sparks the crusades, Christian pilgrimage stops

120
Q

What did the crusaders believe

A

They must take back the holy land and have it under control for Jesus to come back

121
Q

Who is Urban the second and what does he do

A

He is a pope who calls all Christians to reclaim holy land in 1095

122
Q

What is the battle cry of the crusaders

A

God Wills It

123
Q

What is the motive for going to fight

A

Promise of salvation

124
Q

Who led the crusades

A

Alexius the first, emperor of Byzantine

125
Q

Who is Saladin

A

He retook Holy Land from Christians in A.D 1187, Muslim crusader

126
Q

The holy land remained in the hands of Muslims until when

A

1948 and and Holy Land called Israel, given back after Holocaust

127
Q

In A.D 1212 what happened

A

The children’s crusade, 50k kids led by Nicholas ( 12 ), never got there, europe to Middle East, put into slavery

128
Q

What are major results of the crusades

A

Byzantine empire falls to Ottoman Turks
Muslims control holy land for next 700 years
Created division between Christians and Muslims that lasts to this day

129
Q

What things brought an end to the MA

A 
Crusades
Black Plague
Development of printing press
Development of gun powder & canon
Decline in power of Catholic Church
The renaissance
130
Q

What is a coat of arms

A

A family crest, used to identify knights in battle

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