Mid_Term De Princ Flashcards
What are the circumstances?
who (person), What (quantity or quality of object), Where (Place), Means/Instrument, How (Manner), When (Time), Why (End of Agent)
What is utilitarian or social utilitarian view of morality?
seek pleasure avoid pain
What is rationalist view of morality?
live within in right reason w/o any regard for personal happiness
What is subjectivistic or moral skepticism view of morality?
no such thing as objective or fixed standard of morality (each man private judgement) and feelings are norms for reality (Hobbes, Nietzche)
What is moral positiveism?
freedom of divine will who was and still is able to establish moral code different from that which we now possess
What are the three standards or norms of morality?
ultimate objective standard being the eternal law or divine wisdom as it directs all HA, and the proximate objective standard human reason. The subjective standard is the conscience of the individual
What are three species of morality?
moral goodness, evil, indifference
What is moral goodness?
in accordance with eternal law
What is moral evil?
divergence from eternal law
What are good, bad, indifferent HAs?
degree to which they conform to right reason
What about indifferent acts?
exist in abstract, not concrete. E.g. morose thoughts that arise that no one actually intends to carry out
What are the principles or sources of morality?
elements which in any HA are responsible for one type of morality in preference to another
What are the three principles or sources of morality?
object, circumstance of the act, its purpose
Moral Object (MO) or end of an action (intrinsic and objective end)
that to which the action tends of its very nature directly and immediately e.g. thief steals money, steals money from Church
How is the MO good?
if its in accord with reason and the eternal law (EL)
How is the MO evil?
diverges from reason and EL
How is the MO indifferent?
not divergent or agreement with reason or EL
What are the two ways the MO can be considered?
materially and formally
When is MO material?
when its own relationship to the EL is considered (unaware of evil)
When is MO formal?
so far as its morality is recognized by the conscience of the agent (aware of evil)
What is the First Principle of Morality?
morality of HA is derived from the object morally considered
What is proximate subjective standard of morality?
conscience
What is ultimat objective standard of morality?
eternal law
Is intention part of morality?
intention must be part of act
When is something formally evil?
formal sin involved
When is something materially evil?
material sin involved
What are moral circumstances?
moral conditions which are added to and modify the already existing moral sobstance of the act
What are the seven circumstances?
quis, quid, ubi, quibus, auxiliis, cur, quomodo, quando
What is first principle of Circumstances?
HA derive some morality from their circumstances
How do circumstances influence moral character of an act?
circumstances be morally good or bad (degree they conform or lack conformity to right reason) AND moral character be recognized and intended at least to some extent by agent
What is Second Principle of Circumstances?
some circumstances alter the morality of an act completely, others affect merely the degree of morality
What can be said regarding part A of the Second Principle of Circumstances?
rests on the fact that some circumstances have a distinctive and specific morality of their own e.g. stealing is religious goods is evil but stealing in general is against the act of justice
What can be said regarding part B of the Second Principle of Circumstances?
some circumstances do not possess a moral character differetnt fro that of the object e.g. taking away something beling to another is an act of theft which itself is evil, and the amount stolen aggravates the act but does not offend any other virtue apart from justice
What are the kinds of moral circumstances?
those which alter the morality and those which do not alter morality
What are the sub-divisions of acts which alter morality of circumstances?
moral species and theolgical species
How does circumstances effect moral species of an act?
by offending against different virtues
How does circumstances effect theological species of an act?
converts what was venially sinful into something grievously sinful (e.g light theft venial sin, a great theft is mortal)
What circumstances which DO NOT alter the moral species?
aggravate or diminish the degree of morality in so far as they increase or diminish the moral evil in act
What are aggravted circumstances further divided into?
slight, notably, indefinitely
What effect do indefinite circumstaces have on an act?
change what what was venial into mortal (synonymous w/ those acts which change theological species)
What is the First Principle of the Subjective End or Motive of an Act?
moral character of an act depends also on the motive of the agent (subjective end)
Why does the moral character of an act depend on subjective (extrinsic) end of agent?
end or motive may have its own moral character in reference to the EL and right reason by being opposed or conformed to them
What is a good act?
when all elements (object, circumstance, motive) are in conformity w/ the standards of morality OR when one element good, others indifferent and none evil
What is the Second Principle of the End or Motive?
the motive of the agent a) may change an indifferent act in the abstract into a good or evil act b) may increase or diminish the goodness of an act and even make it evil c) may increase or diminish the evil of an act d) never able to make an evil act good
How can end or motive change an indifferent act in the abstract into a good or evil act(part A of the Second Principle)?
walking viewed in abstract is morally indifferent, but performed for a good motive e.g. obedience it is good HOWEVER walking is morally evil if it is to satisfy an evil curiosity
How can end or motive increase or diminsh the goodness of an act, and even make it evil (part B of the Second Principle)?
motive (end) and circumstance good + object = this increases AND diminishes when object good and there is some evil in the circumstances that does not neutralize or transform object e.g. praying-Object Good, Distracted-Circumstance Bad
What is an evil act?
when all its elements?its object, circumstances and end (motive)-are contrary to the moral norms
How motive of agent increase or diminsh the evil of an act?
object evil, motive good. Stealing money to feed family. Object evil, motive evil. Stealing money to buy illegal drugs.
What is the Third Principle regarding End or Motive?
In all his actions man must put before himself some good motive which is related to God at least implicitly; uder no circumstances may he act for pleasure alone