Mid Term B 1 Flashcards
When is probability absolute?
arguments in favor of an opinion considered by themselves appear to be valid
When is probability relative?
arguments in favor of an opinion retain their value only when compared with the arguments supporting the contrary opinon
what is lax probabilism?
lawful to follow an opinion that is not only certainly probable but even when the opinion is doubtfully or slightly possible (Condemned by Church)
What is compensationism (system of sufficient cause)?
one may follow a certainly probable opinion in favor of liberty while abandoning a more probable opinion in favor of the law but when there is danger of sin there is required a sufficient reason for acting in favor of liberty
What are the natural means for the education of conscience?
good education from beginning of childhood, faithful and continual examination of conscience
What are the supernatural means?
fervent prayer to God, strenuous fight against man’s disordered passions with aid of divine grace, sacramental confession and obedience to prudent spiritual director
What is sin?
transgression of the divine law (Ambrose) OR any word, deed, desire contrary to God’s eternal law (Augustine)
What is formal sin?
voluntary (imputable) and free transgression of the divine law
What is material sin?
involuntary transgression of the divine law (vincible ignorance or violence which destroys voluntary consent)
What are material sins against?
objective law and subjective conscience
Something which lacks voluntariness, what type of sin?
material
What is mortal sin?
destroys sanctifying grace and causes the death of the soul
What is venial sin?
offence against God which merely lessens the fervour of charity
What is the nature of mortal sin?
aversion from God, adherence to creatures which is seriously inordinate, grave injury to the rational nature of man and the social order
What are three conditions must be verified for mortal sin?
grave matter, full advertence, full consent
How is grave matter determined?
object and circumstances of act
When is full consent presumed?
full advertence and no external violence: fear and passion, diminish but not destroy (unless no full advertence)
When are advertence and consent imperfect?
drunkeness, half-asleep, half-drunk, surge of passion, phobia, mania
What is the essence of venial sin?
certain disorder, not complete aversion to man’s last end
What are distinguishing species of sins?
moral object, virtue, precept
What are Three rules of numerical distinction?
(a) many distinct acts are concerned with morally distinct objects of the same species; (b) many distinct acts are concerned with what is morally one object; (c) one act is concerned with what are physically many, but morally one object.
What is an example of first numerical distinction?
He who fires distinct shots and unjustly kills three persons is guilty of three murders
What is are two examples of second numerical distinction? (may need to read more in McHugh)
when they are repeated after having been renounced by an act of the will. Example: He who hates in the morning, repents at noon, and returns to his hate in the afternoon, commits two sins of hatred AND when they are repeated after having been voluntarily discontinued, if the interval between the two acts is so considerable that the second act is not a mere continuation of the first. Example: He who in his mind reviles an enemy passing by, then turns his attention to his work and thinks no more about his anger, and later, seeing his enemy again, reviles him mentally a second time, commits two sins
What is an example of third numerical distinction?
One sinful act, internal or external, that is concerned with objects that are physically many, but morally one, makes but one sin in number. Example: He who steals a purse that contains ten bills commits one sin; he who calumniates a family of ten persons commits one sin; he who steals what is the common property of three proprietors commits one sin
What are conditions of venial sin?
matter be light, either in reality, or in the invincible belief of him who commits it
How do we know matter is light ?
authority and right reason
What is personal sin?
offence against God committed by the deliberate will of the individual
What are divisions of Personal Sin?
actual (transitory/omission) or habitual (permanent habit)
What are kinds of Actual Sin?
commission, omission, thought, word, or deed, ignorance, weakness, malice, against Holy Ghost, capital sins, Formal, mortal
What are sins of comission?
contrary to a negavitve precept e.g. theft (do something not supposed to do)
What are sins of omission?
transgressions of a positive precept e.g. missing Mass (neglect something you are to do)
What are sins of thought, word, deed?
either committed by mind alone, or by mouth or action
What sins of ignorance?
proceed from lack of knowledge
What sins of weakness?
result of passion which make the acts less voluntary
What are sins of malice?
proceed from an evil will (w/o ignorance or passion)
What are sins against the Holy Ghost?
committed by the deliberate contempt of some grace withdrawing man from sin
What are the usual sins against the Holy Ghost?
presumption, despair, resisting the known truth of Christianity, envy of the grace possessed by one’s neighbor, obstinancy, impenitence
What are sins crying to heaven for Vengenace?
murder, sodomy, oppression of orphans and widows and defrauding workers of their just wage
Why are sins crying to heaven for Vengenace called so?
grievous injury done to social order
Why are the capital sins called this?
roots from which other sins spring
What sins of ignorance?
proceed from lack of knowledge
What sins of weakness?
result of passion which make the acts less voluntary
What are sins of malice?
proceed from an evil will (w/o ignorance or passion)
What are sins against the Holy Ghost?
committed by the deliberate contempt of some grace withdrawing man from sin
What are internal sins?
completed within heart of man w/o being revealed externally
What are the three internal sins?
deliberate pleasure, sinful joy, evil desire
What is proximate?
common (absolute) and personal (relative)
What is proximate common (absolute)?
presumably for men in general or of a specific group
What is proximate personal (relative)?
invidual based on subjective experience
What are common defects of Theologians?
don’t take relativity in time and groups
What did Pope Pius XI exclude?
no world-wide office for classification of films because of different habits and attitudes
What is common prxomitate danger applied?
specific groups, not individual
What is necessary and voluntary proxiate of sin?
necessary is result of double effect
What is necessary proximate?
morally or physically impossible to avoid
What are the capital sins?
pride, envy, covetousness, anger, lust, gluttony, sloth (PLACESG)
What is difference between vainglory and pride?
vainglory is external manifestation of pride
What does STA say is the greatest sin?
covetousnesss
