Mid Sem Revision Flashcards
Why is diagnostic imaging used (3)
Essential tool too:
- facilitate diagnosis
- Increase our understanding of the pathophysiology
- grade seVerity of disease/injury
- facilitate treatment of injuries and pathological conditions
Radiation exposure- informed consent
Source of exposure
Natural radiation (airborne) - 1.2 mSv per year
Natural radiation (at sea level) - 0.3 mSv per year
Total natural radiation- 1.5 mSv per year
7- hour airplane flight - 0.02 mSv
Chest radiograph - 0.1 mSv
Standard chest CT -7 mSv
Standard hand/foot radiograph - 0.01msv
Typical cat scan - 1-14msv
Health stewardship
Any practitioner who has the ability to refer directly for imaging must have a sufficient level of knowledge to be ab,e to request appropriate investigations and understand the findings of reports as well as the ability to act appropriately on the findings
Ottawa ankle rules
An ankle X-ray is only required if there is any pain in the malleolar zone AND……
bone tenderness at the posterior edge or tip of the lateral malleolus
or
medial mall
OR
inability to WB immediately and in ED for 4 steps
Ottawa foot rules
A foot X-ray series is only required if there are any pain in mid foot zone and…
Bone tenderness at the base of the 5th metatarsal
Or
Bone tenderness at the navicular
Or inability to WB both immediately and in ED for 4 steps
Radiographic terminology
US - artery features
Hypoechoic, pulsatile, non compressible Dopple = pulsatile flow
US vein features
Hyperechoic, non pulsatilla, compressible
Doppler = continuous flow
US muscle features
Hypoeachoic with multiple hyperechoic lines
US tendon features
Hyperechoic with bright lines longitudinally or bright dots in transverse section
US nerves features
Viable hypo or hyperechoic with fascicular pattern
US ligament features
Hyperechoic bands with well defined borders
US bone features
Hyperechoic
Fracture terminology
Describing a fracture
- Anatomical site
- Type of fracture
- Alignment of fracture fragments
- Distinct features of fracture
- Direction / description of fracture lime
- More than 1 fracture? Impact on the joint
- Specific features of the tyPe of fractue
