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Physiology > Micturition And GFR > Flashcards

Micturition And GFR Flashcards

1
Q

When does micturition contractions occur?

A

When the Bladder FILLS

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2
Q

Once the bladder stretches, where does the signal travel to?

A

Sacral region of the spinal cord via the PELVIC nerves

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3
Q

The reflex of the micturition occurs via what pathway?

A

Parasympathetic nerves

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4
Q

What happens as the bladder continues to fill?

A

The micturition reflexes occur MORE and are often more POWERFUL

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5
Q

What happens when the reflex is powerful enough

A

It Causes a second reflex

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6
Q

Characteristics of the Pudendal nerves

A

Inhibit the External sphincter

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7
Q

How does the body inhibit urination when the Pudendal nerves are firing?

A

Higher Brain centers ( Pons) keep micturition inhibited until desired

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8
Q

Major function of the nephrons

A

To get rid of waste materials

Urea, creatinine, Uris acid, and Bilirubin

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9
Q

Other NON-regulatory functions of the Nephrons?

A

Secretion, Metabolism, and excretion of HORMONES

&

Gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

Regulatory functions of the nephron

A

Regulates:

  • Arterial pressure
  • Acid base balance
  • Bodily fluid osmolarity
  • Water and Electrolyte balance
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11
Q

What are the processes that deer in the rate at which different substances are excreted in the Urine?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
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12
Q

What is the mathematical calc of Urinary Excretion Rate?

A

UER = Filtration rate - (Reabsorption rate + Secretion rate)

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13
Q

What particles cannot be filtered?

A

NEGATIVELY charged

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14
Q

What is the first step in urine formation?

A

Filtration

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15
Q

Components of the glomerular filtrate.

A

Water

Urea

Glucose

Ions

(WUGI)

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16
Q

Filtration Fraction

A

The fraction of the renal plasma flow that is filtered

FF = GFR/Renal Plasma Flow

  • approx 20%
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17
Q

Concentration of ___ is NOT the same in the Plasma as it is in the Filtrate.

A

Proteins

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18
Q

What happens to the filter ability as the radius increases?

A

The filter ability DECREASES

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19
Q

The layers of the Filtration Barrier

A
  1. Endothelium
  2. Basement Membrane
  3. Podocytes
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20
Q

Components of the Endothelium in the Filtration Barrier

A

Fenestrae and Negative Charge

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21
Q

Components of the Basement Membrane in the Filtration Barrier

A

Collagen

Proteoglycan fibers

STRONG negative charges

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22
Q

Components of the Podocytes in the Filtration Barrier

A

Negative Charge

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23
Q

What is the Normal GFR?

A

125ml/min

180L/day

24
Q

What determines GFR?

A

The balance of the Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic forces acting across the capillary membrane

25
Q

What is the filterability of Water?

A

1.0

26
Q

Characteristics of Albumin

A

6nm in length
- slightly SMALLER than the filtration pores (8nm)

Has a NEGATIVE charge that repels it

27
Q

What are some diseases that Lower the Glomerular capillary Filtration coefficient?

A
  1. Chronic uncontrolled HTN
  2. Diabetes Mellitus

(Increases Urine Output and “Sweet Pee”)

28
Q

What is Minimal change Nephropathy?

A

Loss of NEGATIVE charges on the basement membrane

29
Q

What is Hydronephrosis?

A

Distension and Dilation of the renal PELVIS and CALYCES

30
Q

GFR equation

A

GFR = K1 * Net Filtration Rate

GFR = K1*(Pg - Pb - πg + πb)

31
Q

Glomerular Hydrostatic pressure

  1. Symbol
  2. Quantity
A

Pg

60mm Hg

32
Q

Bowman’s Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure

  1. Symbol
  2. Quantity
A

Pb

18mm Hg

33
Q

Glomerular Capillary colloid osmotic pressure

  1. Symbol
  2. Quantity
A

πg

32mm Hg

34
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure of Bowman’s capsule

  1. Symbol
  2. Quantity
A

πb

0 mm Hg

35
Q

What is K1?

A

Capillary Filtration coefficient

  • the product of permeability and filtering surface area of capillaries
  • typically a fixed number
36
Q

Typical Net Filtration Pressure quantity?

A

10 mm Hg

37
Q

K1 Equation

Typical K1 value

A

K1 = GFR/Net Filtration Pressure

K1 = (125ml/min)/(10mm Hg)
= 12.5 mm Hg

38
Q

What happens to the GFR is K1 Increases? Decreases?

A

K1 is DIRECTLY proportional to the GFR

If K1 increases then GFR will Increase and vice versa

39
Q

Relationship between Glomerular hydrostatic pressure and GFR

A

They are DIRECTLY proportional

40
Q

What happens to the Pg and GFR when arterial Pressure Increases?

A

Leads to and increase in Pb —> increase in GFR

41
Q

What happens to the Pg and GFR when Afferent arteriolar RESISTANCE increases?

A

Leads to a Decrease in Pg —> decrease in GFR

42
Q

What happens to the Pg and GFR when Efferent arteriolar resistance Increases?

A

Leads to an increase in Pg —> Increase in GFR

  • Just slightly
43
Q

Much of the O2 consumption by the kidneys are related to what?

A

The high rate of active Sodium Reabsorption

44
Q

Renal Blood flow Equation

A

RBF = (Renal Art. Pressure - Renal Vein Pressure)/(Total vascular RESISTANCE)

45
Q

Nervous regulation of the GFR

A

ALL blood vessels of the kidneys are Richly innervated by SYMPATHETIC system

46
Q

Effects of strong activation of Sympathetic nerves to the kidneys?

A
  1. Constrict renal arterioles

Which leads to…..

  1. Decrease renal blood flow
  2. Decrease GFR
47
Q

Hormones Controlling GFR

A
  1. Epi and Norepinephrine
    - From the adrenal MEDULLA
  2. Endothelin
  3. Angiotensin II
  4. NO
  5. Prostaglandins and Bradykinin
48
Q

Role of Endothelin in controlling GFR?

A
  • Released by DAMAGED endothelial cells of the kidneys
  • May contribute to Renal Constriction
  • Decrease GFR
49
Q

Role of Angiotensin II in controlling GFR?

A
  • Constricts EFFERENT Arterioles

- Formed usually in situation of decrease blood volume

50
Q

Role of NO in controlling GFR?

A
  • Maintains Vasodilation
51
Q

Role of Prostaglandins and Bradykinin in controlling GFR?

A
  • Vasodilators that may offset the effects of the Sympathetic & Angiotensin II vasoconstriction

Think “2 for 2”

52
Q

What is the normal daily fluid excretion

A

1.5L/day

53
Q

What are the Macula Densa cells sensitive to?

A

The concentration of sodium in the blood

54
Q

What happens if the Macula Densa senses a decrease in NaCl?

A
  1. Activates the Renin/Angiotensin Pathway
    - Increase in EFFERENT arteriolar resistance
  2. Decrease AFFERENT arteriolar resistance
    - to allow more blood flow
55
Q

The effects of GFR on the Macula Densa

A

Directly Proportional

- the lower the GFR, the less Sodium sensed by the Macula Densa.

Physiology (15 decks)

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