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Biology > Microtubule Functions > Flashcards

Microtubule Functions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What way is vesicle transport

A

Bi-directional

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2
Q

What do the heavy chains have

A

Head are flexible and neck (linker) and stalk they have atpase activity and MT binding ability

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3
Q

What do light chains recognize

A

They recognize and bind to the cargo

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4
Q

how many bands would you see in an ordinary kinase

A

3 because the heavy vhains are the same size and two light chains

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5
Q

What does Kinesin 1do

A

Kinesin one is found in the cytoplasma it has 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains but shows three bands

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6
Q

What does kinesin 2 do

A

3 different kinesin protiens (heterotrimeric) 2 different heavy chains and one light chain so nothing is the same

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7
Q

What does kinesin 5 do

A

It is biopolar so both sides are the same 2 parts of heavy chains they do not bind to cargo there are 4 heavy chains in total and 2 head domains that help with sliding only one band

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8
Q

What does Kinesin 13 do

A

A motor protien that had depolymerization ATP hydrolyze removes dimers 2 head domain and neck domain not really moving to plus end they are from both ends

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9
Q

What is the typical movement

A

Usually anterograde

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10
Q

What does ATP hydrolysis do in kinesin

A

Causes conformational changes in kinesin

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11
Q

When ATP is hydrolyzed how much does each head moved

A

16nm each foot takes 8nm so the total is 16 nm

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12
Q

How is kinesin 1 regulated

A

It is inactive when there is no ATPase activity and it will become active upon receptor binding

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13
Q

What is cytoplasmic dynein involved in

A

Retrograde transport

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14
Q

What has ATPase in cytoplasmic dynein

A

The heavy chains and the stalk which is apart of the head

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15
Q

What do the linker and stem do in cytoplasmic dynein

A

Interact with dynactin to recognize and bind cargo the

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16
Q

What does ATP hydrolysis do in cytoplasmic dynein

A

Results in a shape change that drives movement

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17
Q

Which end does cytoplasmic dynein travel too

A

The negative end

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18
Q

What is the microtubular binding domain in cytoplasmic dynein

A

The stalk

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19
Q

What do the linker and neck region do with atpase

A

The bend with it to move

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20
Q

What does dynactin do

A

It binds the dynein to the cargo and regulates the movement

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21
Q

What regulates dynactin and dynein

A

Dynamtin if there is to much it makes them exlpode apart

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22
Q

What does P150 do

A

It acts as glue that binds microtubules but it not a motor

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23
Q

Can motor protiens be cargo

A

YES

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24
Q

What does the acetylation of a lysine residue of a tubulin do

A

Stabalizes the MT and promotes kinesin 1 movement

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25
Q

What do both kinesin and dynein have in common

A

Both have a head region that binds to MT and is an ATP ase
Both have a neck linker region
Both have a long structure that leads to a tail that binds to cargo

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26
Q

What is the long structure that leads to a tail that will eventually bind to cargo in kinesin

A

Stalk

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27
Q

What is the long structure that leads to a tail that will eventually bind to cargo in dynein

A

Stem

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28
Q

What are cilila and flagella

A

Two versions of the same thing
Cilia is shorter
Flagella is longer
Flagella propel cells
Cilia sweep materials

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29
Q

What is an axonome

A

The underlying structure of cilia and flagella

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30
Q

What is the array of microtubules

A

9 plus two in the middle

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31
Q

What does nexin do

A

Hold the doublets in place

32
Q

What is bending

A

Is it localized and only some of these doublets bend

33
Q

What does the radial spoke head do

A

Holds things in place

34
Q

What does axonemal dynein do

A

It is permantly bound to the A tubule and is permantly pointing to the B tubule

35
Q

What is the a tubule

A

Has 13 microtubules

36
Q

What is the B tubule

A

Has 10 microtubules

37
Q

What is the difference between axonme and basal body

A

Axnome doesnt have c go through the basal body are triplet microtubulers and 9 triplets and the axnomes are doublets

38
Q

What does the basal body do

A

It is the base that anchors cilia and flagella that anchors them to the cell and serves as the template for the axonome

39
Q

What is the transtional zone

A

The change from basal body to axoneme

40
Q

How do you know how many doublets there will be

A

It is the amount of number triplets

41
Q

How do axonemes bend

A

Generated by sliding of microtubules against each other powered by axonemal dyein

42
Q

What part of dynemin is attached to which part of the tubules in bending

A

The tail is attached to the A tubule and the head binds to B

43
Q

What microtubule moves

A

B

44
Q

What happens if nexin is there

A

No sliding occurs so bending does

45
Q

Which ways do microtubulers when sliding

A

In slding the B tubule moves to the positve ed and the a tubule bound moves to the negative end same with bending

46
Q

What does intraflagellar transport do

A

Moves things up and down they are long projections and secrete ligands

47
Q

Is intraflagellar transport releated to bending

A

NO

48
Q

What do interphase contain and what is it used for

A

A non motile cilium no axonemal dynein but plays an important role in cell-cell signaling

49
Q

What are signals rlly important in

A

Embryo cells

50
Q

What does non motile mean

A

NO NEXIN OR DYNEIN

51
Q

How many non motile cilia do cells have

A

1

52
Q

What are primary cilia stabilized by

A

Acetylated tubulin

53
Q

Where are primary cilia not found in

A

Mitotic cells

54
Q

What is karyokinesis

A

Dividing up chromosomes microtubular mitosis is 2 compartments

55
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

Dividing cytoplasm actin

56
Q

What is XMAP15 involved in

A

Regulating the assembly of microtubules it stimulates growth binding to the ends of them and stimulating tubulin to join on

57
Q

Why does XMAP-15 activity decrease during mitosis

A

Help control the growth and stability and for organzing the mitotic spindle which is essential for seprating chromsones correctly and you want them to be unstable so they are dynamic

58
Q

What is the kinetochore

A

It is what chatches the chromsones

59
Q

What is the zone of interdigitation

A

Where the chromosomes and meet and come together

60
Q

What are astral MT

A

They are going away from it

61
Q

What are the polar MT

A

They are not attached to chromosomes

62
Q

What is a centromere

A

Attachment site for microtubules

63
Q

What does spindle formation require

A

Motors and MT dynamics

64
Q

What does Kinesin 7 do in spindle formation

A

Assisting with growth pushing to the + end

65
Q

What does Kinesien 13 and dynein do

A

Depolymerization or shrinkage of chromsomes

66
Q

What does tension assure

A

Bi-orientation that chromosomes are attached to both spindle poles

67
Q

What happens when there is no tension

A

Phosphorylation of Ndc8 at kinetochore by Aurora B result in weak microtubule interactions with the kinetochore

68
Q

What happens under tension

A

Aurora B does not phosphorylate and Ndc remains bound to the MT

69
Q

What is bound to the PM

A

The dynein

70
Q

What does the active corical anchor do

A

Does allow dynein to pull it in that direction

71
Q

What does Kinesin 13 do in anaphase

A

Shrinakge and 4 also helps

72
Q

What is anaphase driven by

A

Disassembly which is de polymerization chromsomes move closer to spindel

73
Q

What is Anaphase B

A

Is used by motors and it pole sepration

74
Q

What are astral microtubulers shortened by

A

Dynein

75
Q

What are kinetochore microtubulers shrink by

A

Kinesin 4 and 13

76
Q

What do polar microtubules help localize

A

RhoGTP which allows for the formation of a contractile acit myosin ring

Biology (11 decks)

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