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Biology > Cytoskeletal > Flashcards

Cytoskeletal Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What makes up tubulin

A

Alpha and beta

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2
Q

What is considered a basic subunit

A

alpha and beat dimer

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3
Q

Are microtubules polar

A

Yes one side is different then the other

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4
Q

What polymerizes microtubules

A

The subunit

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5
Q

How long is a microtubule

A

25nm diameter up to 100 micrometer long really long

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6
Q

How many protofilaments in a microtubular

A

13

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7
Q

It is a perfect tube

A

No there is seam and they aren’t perfectly lined up

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8
Q

How far is it between and alpha and beta dimer

A

8 nm

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9
Q

What subunit can bind to Gtp

A

A binds permantelty to GTP where B can hydrolyze GTP so it can be bound to GTP or GDP

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10
Q

What happens at the protfilament grows

A

Gtp is hydrolyzed

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10
Q

Which side is negative and which side is positive

A

The alpha side is negative and the beta is the positive side

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11
Q

How many protofillaments are in singlets doublets and triplets

A

Singlets have 13 protofilaments
Double and triplets have one tube with 13 protofilaments and one or two 10 protofilament tubes attached

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12
Q

What is found in basal bodies and centrioles

A

Triplets

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13
Q

What type of microtubules do nerve axons have

A

Cytoplasmic microtubules that transport things

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14
Q

True or false the cytoplasm of all cells have microtubules

A

TRUE

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15
Q

What type of microtubules are found in cilia and flagela

A

Axonemal microtubules

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16
Q

What is MTOC

A

Micro-tubular organizing center which is where microtubular come from

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17
Q

What is the main MTOC in most cells

A

The centrosome

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18
Q

What part goes away from the centrsome and what part towards

A

Negative end goes toward the centrsome where the positive end extends outwards except in a dendrite where it is not continous

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19
Q

What is the centrosome

A

A major but not only MTOC in animal cells

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20
Q

What do centrosomes contain

A

Centrioles

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21
Q

Are centrioles in plants

A

NO

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22
Q

What are centrioles

A

They are triple microtubules that are stable and tend not to polymerase but they allow for polymerization to occur around them

23
Q

What allows microtubulars to polymerize in the centrsome

A

It is filled with pericentriolar matrix that allows them to polymerazie gamma tubulin and augmin

24
Q

How many triplets are in a ring of a centriole

A

9

25
Q

What is the gamm tubulin ring complex

A

It provides nucleating sites for microtubules it provides a nucleus that can grow

26
Q

Which way does gamma tubulin help microtubules grow

A

away from the centrsome
as the negative is sitting in the centrisome with the ring is capped and you can not add anything to the negative end

27
Q

What does augmin do

A

Can from a branch to a new microtubular

28
Q

What end does polymerization occur at

A

Preferentially at the plus end

29
Q

When do you have polymerization

A

When you have an ammount of tubulin that is above critical concentration and a nuclei

30
Q

What end does it depolymerize faster

A

The positive end it will depolymerize when you below CC

31
Q

What happens if you just have monomers

A

It will take longer because you have to first grow the nuclei

32
Q

How can you figure out CC

A

You add monomers and once you reach critical concentration anything above that you will get a filament

33
Q

What temp do microtubules dissaseemble at

A

4 degrees

34
Q

What are microtubules independent of

A

Cc if there are lots of dimers they will polymerize and head away from the centriole and move to where there is lees concentration adn dimers is de polymerize

35
Q

What is castrophe

A

Where depolymerization starts to form it is the peak

36
Q

What is dissasbley

A

Depolymerization

37
Q

What is rescue

A

When they start polymerizing again

38
Q

What is oscillations in length is common

A

Dynamic instability

39
Q

What does dynamic instability depend on

A

GTP-B tubulin cap because with the GTP can even protofilaments in the center of tubule are stable

40
Q

What happens when GTP to GDP hydrolysis reaches the positive end

A

it weakens the cohesion between protofilaments and fraying occurs

41
Q

Where does de polymerization occur

A

The smooth ends fray and it continues towards the positve end

42
Q

what is tubulin away from the positve end

A

In the GDP form

43
Q

What holds the microtubule together

A

the y gamma on the negative end and the GTP cap on the other end

44
Q

What does Colchicine do

A

Depolymerizes

45
Q

What does Taxol do

A

Stablize they stay the same size you can use this if you want to see what depolymerization does

46
Q

What does MAPs do

A

Alter microtubular stability

47
Q

What regulates MT spacing

A

The projection domain can regulate the spacing

48
Q

What about the binding domains of MAP

A

They are the same

49
Q

What is the projection domain of the microtubules for TAU and MAPS

A

MAP2 has a long projection domain so they are far apary

50
Q

What are TIPS

A

The positive end of MT

51
Q

What is EB1

A

It is a +TIP that binds to unique structures found on growing(+) end and can stabilize and reduce castrophe

52
Q

What is TOG domain

A

The growing protofillaments

53
Q

What is XMAP215 and CLASP

A

They can bind to TOG and stabilize protofilaments to prevent catastrophe

54
Q

What is kinesin-13

A

Regulated by ATP removes terminal dimers causes de pol at end doesnt matter the CC if you have enough it will de pol

55
Q

What is Stathmin

A

Binds to tubulin dimers in the curve may promote GTP hydrolysis

56
Q

What is stathmin inactivated by

A

Phosphorylation

Biology (11 decks)

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