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Biology > Apoptosis > Flashcards

Apoptosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Necrosis

A

It is where it releases cellular proteins that the immune system doesn’t know

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2
Q

What can necrosis do

A

Chronic inflamantation

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3
Q

What are the steps of apoptosis

A

Chromatin compaction and segregation and codenstation of cytoplasma the intracellular contents protect these parts now go into phagocytosis

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4
Q

What are the advantages of Caenorhabditis elegans

A

Small
Transparent
Every single cell has been maped out
Genome fully sequenced
Many gentic mutants

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5
Q

How many cells are there in C. elegans and many die

A

1090 newborn cells and 131 cells die during development leaving 959 cells left

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6
Q

What is an undead cells

A

It is where cells that were suppose to die didn’t die

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7
Q

What does ced-4 ced-3 non mutated do

A

Normally functions it produces cell death

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8
Q

What does a mutated ced-4 ced-3 do

A

It creates undead cells prevents the cells from dying

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8
Q

What does a normal ced-9 gene do

A

Prevent apotopsis a surival gene

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9
Q

What does a mutated ced-9 do

A

All cells die by apoptosis during embryogenesis

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10
Q

What is a caspase

A

Cysteine-dependent aspartate directed proteases

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11
Q

What is CED3 in humans

A

Caspase 9

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12
Q

What are the two types of caspases

A

Initiator caspases - activates effector caspases by cleaving them
Effector- cleave other protien substrates within the cell to trigger the apoptotic process

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13
Q

What is the apoptosome also know as

A

1.4 megadalton wheel of death

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14
Q

What is apoptosome composed of

A

Apaf 2
Cytochrome c
Dimer of Caspase 9

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15
Q

What happens if there is no cytochrome c

A

Apaf-1 exists as a monomer

16
Q

How many Apaf monomers make up the wheel

A

7

17
Q

What is the equiviulaent to APAF1

A

CED-4

18
Q

What does the wheel do once it forms

A

Once caspase 9 is recurited it forms a dimer and activates initiator caspase

19
Q

What genes to be present to be pro survival

A

All BH 1-4

20
Q

What are pro apoptic members

A

When they don’t have all four it is for Bax and form channels in the membrane

21
Q

What does BH3 only protiens do

A

Regulate activity of Bcl-2 and Bax and Bak protiens

22
Q

What does CED9 resemble

A

Bcl-2

23
Q

What does Bcl-2 do

A

Inhibits apoptosis

24
Q

What do BH3 proteins do in nematodes and vertebrates

A

In neamatodes it blocks CED-9 and in veterbrates it blocks Bcl-2

25
Q

What does blocking Bcl-2 do

A

Bak can then go and pump cytc which will attach to apaf-1 and capase 9 to go and cleave effectors

26
Q

What does blocking CED-9 do

A

Activates Ced-4 and ced 3 and cleave cell protiens to induce apoptosis

27
Q

What can also trigger apoptosis

A

Loss of signal

28
Q

What does binding to a signal do

A

Bad and 14-3-3 bind and inacatviates Bad when it is lost Bad can bind to Bcl-2 and bak can pump cyt c

29
Q

What is the extrinsic apoptosis pathway

A

It is trigged by positive acting death signals from other cells and ligands bind to the death receptor activates initiator caspase 8 dimerizes it

30
Q

What is BID

A

it gets cleaved from caspase-8 which then binds to Bcl-2 that then releases cyt c and activates caspase-9 which actiated effector caspases

31
Q

What are two pathways of apoptotic pathways

A

Death signal
Trophic Factor withdrawl

32
Q

How does alzhemiers work

A

When there is an increased apoptosis a loss of neurons by aptosis

33
Q

What happens when there is too little apoptosis

A
  • Developmental defects
  • Cancer
    -Weekened immunity
34
Q

What is too much apoptosis

A
  • Neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease)
  • Ischemia/ reperfusion associated injury
    Autoimmune disease
35
Q

What is ischemia

A

Stroke depeltion of o2 blood to tissue low to high O2 if the clot resolves

Biology (11 decks)

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