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Cm > Microscopic Examination > Flashcards

Microscopic Examination Flashcards

1
Q

Spx volume

A

10-15 mL
Ave: 12 mL

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2
Q

Centrifugation of spx

A

400 RCF for 5 mins

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3
Q

Centrifuge calibration

A

Every 3 months

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4
Q

Centrifuge disinfection

A

Weekly basis

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5
Q

Volume after decantation

A

0.5-1 mL

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6
Q

Volume of sediment examined

A

20 uL

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7
Q

Ave# / 10 HPF

A

Rbc
Oval fat bodies
Wbc
RTE cells

[ROWR]

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8
Q

Ave # / 10 LPF

A

Cast
Abnormal crystals

[Cast Crab]

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9
Q

RFMoMa/ 10 HPF

A

Transitional
Trichomonas
Bacteria
Yeast
Normal crystals

[TT- BaYN]

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10
Q

RFMoMa/ 10 LPF

A

Mucus threads
Squamous epithelial cells

[ Mucus Secs]

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11
Q

Used in routine urinalysis that appears dark against light bg

A

Bright- field

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12
Q

Enhance visualization of elements with LOW REFRACTIVE INDICES

A

phase contrast

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13
Q

Aids in identification of cholesterol in oval fat bodies, crystals, and fatty acids

A

Polarizing

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14
Q

Identification of T. palidum

A

Dark-field

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15
Q

3D image and layer-by-layer imahingtof spx

A

Interference contrast

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16
Q

Types of interference contrast

A

Nomarski and Hoffman

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17
Q

Identifies WBC, epithelial cell, and cast

A

Sternheimer-malbin

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18
Q

Example of Sternheimer-malbin

A

Crystal violet and safranin

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19
Q

It enhances nuclear details and differentiate WBC AND RTE cells

A

Toluidine blue

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20
Q

It stains TAG and neutral fats and identifies free fat droplets and lipid containing cell and cast

A

Oil Red O and Sudan 3

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21
Q

Use for gram pos and neg bacteria

A

Gram stain

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22
Q

Stains eosinophil granules

A

Hansel stain

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23
Q

Example of hansel stain

A

Methylene blue and Eosin Y

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24
Q

Stains structures containing iron and identifies yello-brown granules of hemosiderin

A

Prussian blue

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25
Q

RBC in HYPOTONIC urine appears

A

Swollen/ ghost cell/ shadow cells

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26
Q

RBC in HYPERTONIC urine appears

A

Crenated or shrink

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27
Q

Hypotonic means

A

Dilute urine

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28
Q

Hypertonic means

A

Concentrated urine

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29
Q

Norml value of RBC

A

0-2/3 per HPF

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30
Q

RBC are frequently confused with

A

Air bubbles
Yeast cell
Oil droplets
Calcium oxalate

[AYOC]

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31
Q

WBCs are usually distinguished from RBC by the addition of

A

2% HAc (acetic acid)

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32
Q

Increased WBC in urine

A

Pyuria

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33
Q

Normal value of WBC

A

0-5/8 per HPF

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34
Q

WBC in dilute hypotonic urine is called

A

Glitter cells

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35
Q

Why they are called glitter cells

A

Because of the Brownian movement it produces sparkling appearance

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36
Q

What stain is used for glitter cells

A

Sternheimer-malbin

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37
Q

Most predominant WBC in urine that has a characteristic if cytoplasmic ganules and multi-lobed nuclei

A

Neutrophils

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38
Q

T or F:
In hypertonic urine, thr WBC becomes smaller as water lost osmotically from the cell, but NOT crenated

A

True

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39
Q

Eosinophil is considered significant if

A

> 1%

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40
Q

Eosinophil is associated with

A

Drug induced interstitial nephritis

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41
Q

Stain used for eosinophils

A

Hansel stain

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42
Q

Renal transplant rejection in lymphocytes can readily identify using

A

Supravital stain or cytodiagnosis

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43
Q

WBC Look alikes

A

RTE cells
Dead trichomonas
Crenated RBC

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44
Q

It is the largest epithelials cells that has abundcant irregular cytoplasm with central nucleus

A

SECs

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45
Q

How to examined SECs

A

LPO

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46
Q

T or F:
SECs are considered most frequently seen and least significant

A

True

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47
Q

What do u call the SECs covered with Gardnerella vaginalis/ Mobiluncus

A

Clue cells

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48
Q

Epithelial cells that appears spherical, caudate, or polyhedral with central nucleus

A

TECs

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49
Q

T or F:
TECs has the ability to reabsorb large quantity of water

A

True

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50
Q

Epithelial cells that are round and slightly large with single eccentrically nucleus

A

RTE cell

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51
Q

Presence of > 2/HPF indicates

A

Tubular injury

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52
Q

T or F:
RTE cells are the most clinically significant epithelial cell

A

True

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53
Q

Precursor of oval fat bodies

A

RTE cells

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54
Q

Lipid containing RTE cells found in lipiduria

A

Oval fat bodies

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55
Q

Oval fat bodies exhibit ________ under polarized light

A

Maltese cross appearance

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56
Q

Identification of oval fat bodies is confirmed by

A

Sudan 3 or Oil Red O

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57
Q

RTE cellz containing large, non lipid filled vacuoles

A

Bubbles cell

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58
Q

It is a RTE/ TEC that are infected with BK strains

A

Decoy cells

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59
Q

What cells produces uromodulin

A

RTE cells

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60
Q

Major constituent of cast

A

Uromodulin

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61
Q

Where does cast primarily formed

A

DCT and collecting ducts

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62
Q

It is the ONLY urine sediments that are UNIQUE TO THE KIDNEY

A

Cast

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63
Q

Presence of urinary cast is called

A

Cylinduria

64
Q

It resembles cast but with TAPRED END that is a product of incomplete cast formation

A

Cylindroids

65
Q

What produces cylindroids

A

ALH and Collecting duct

66
Q

Degeneration of cast

A

Hyaline cast –>
Cellular cast –>
Coarsely granular –>
Finely granular –>
Waxy cast

67
Q

It is the MOST FREQUENTLY seen cast in urine

A

Hyaline cast

68
Q

Normal value of hyaline cast in urine

A

0-2/ lpf

69
Q

Hyaline cast consist almost entirely ______

A

Uromodulin

70
Q

T or F:
Hyaline cast is considered a prototype cast

A

True

71
Q

Using sternheimer-malbin and KOVA stain, hyaline cast produces what color?

A

Pink

72
Q

Cast matrix that contains RBC and appears orange-red color

A

RBC cast

73
Q

RBC cast is associated in the

A

Bleeding within the nephron

74
Q

Cast matrix containing WBC

A

WBC cast

75
Q

T or F:
WBC cast signifies infection or inflammation within the nephron

A

True

76
Q

WBC cast are associated with

A

Pyelonephritis and Acute Interstitial Nephritis

77
Q

Predominant WBC seen in acute pyelonephritis Nephritis

A

Eosinophils

78
Q

It helps differentiate WBC cast from RTE cells

A

Supravital stain and Phase contrast

79
Q

RTE cellz attached to protiein matrix

A

Epithelial cell cast

80
Q

Non specific marker of tubular injury

A

Epithelial cell cast

81
Q

Considered renal failure cast according to brunzel

A

Waxy cast

82
Q

Appearance of waxy cast

A

Fragmented with jagged ends and have notches in their sides

83
Q

It is the FINAL degeneration form of all thpe of cast

A

Waxy cast

84
Q

Using supravital stain, eaxy cast appears what color

A

Homogeneous dark pink

85
Q

Seen in conjunction with oval fat bodies and free fat droplets causing lipiduria

A

Fatty cast

86
Q

T or F:
Fatty cast can be stained using sternheimer-malbin

A

False

87
Q

Polarize microscopy can identify ……

A

cholesterol on fatty cast ( shows Maltese cross formation)

88
Q

Sudan 3 and Oil Red O can identify …..

A

TAG and neutral fats on fatty cast

89
Q

It appears maltese cross formation

A

Fatty cast and Oval fat bodies

90
Q

Types of Granular cast

A

Coarsely and Finely

91
Q

Two most commonly seen broad cast in urine

A

Granular and waxy

92
Q

Considered as renal failure cast according to strasinger

A

Broad cast

93
Q

Broad cast indicates….

A

Destruction (widening) of the tubular walls

94
Q

Where does broad cast produce

A

DCT and collecting duct due to anuria

95
Q

Bile stained broad and waxy cast are seen as the result of

A

Tubular necrosis in viral hepatitis

96
Q

Urine sediments that have uromodulin as the major constituent

A

Mucus and Cast

97
Q

Ribnonlike structure produced by glands and epithelial cells in genitourinary tract and RTE cell

A

Mucus

98
Q

Mucus threads can be confused with

A

Hyaline cast

99
Q

In order to be considered significant in UTI, bacteria should be accompanied by

A

WBC

100
Q

Bacteria is confirmed with

A

Positive urine culture

101
Q

T or F:
Presence of bacteria may indicate lower and upper UTI

A

True

102
Q

It is a smooth, colorless with DOUBLY REFRACTILE WALLS

A

Yeast cell

103
Q

Yeast cell often shows

A

Budding

104
Q

Yeast can be condused with

A

RBC

105
Q

How to differentiate yeast cell and RBCA

A

Add 2% acetic acid which can lyse

106
Q

Most common yeast cell

A

Candida albicans

107
Q

True yeast infxn should be accompanied with

A

WBC

108
Q

________ is used to identify T. vaginalis when no moving

A

Phase microscopy ( to enhance visualization of the flagella or undulating membrane)

109
Q

Formed by precipitation of urine solutes

A

Crystals

110
Q

Most valuable in the identification of crystals

A

pH

111
Q

Brick dust or yellow brown crystals that produces pink sediment

A

Amorphous urates

112
Q

Yellow- brown color that has a rhombic or whetstone or diamond-shaped crystals

A

Uric Acid

113
Q

Most pleomorphic of all crystals

A

Uric acid

114
Q

Uric acid can be seen in px with

A

Gout
Lesch Nyhan Syndrome
Chemotherapy

[GLC]

115
Q

Most frequently observed crystals

A

Calcium oxalate

116
Q

2 forms of CaOx

A

Dihydrate/ Wheddelite
Monohydrate/ Whewellite

117
Q

What is the shaped of Wheddelite CaOx

A

Octahedral or enveloped shaped

118
Q

What is the shape of Whewellite CaOx

A

Dumbbell or ovoid shaped

119
Q

Whewellite may resemble as

A

RBC

120
Q

CaOx is associated with

A

Renal calculi
Ethylene glycol poisoning
Food high in oxalic acid

121
Q

Pencil-like prism with blunt end crystals

A

Monosodium urates

122
Q

Ball or sphere shaped that resembles biurates and leucine

A

Acid urates

123
Q

Cigarette -butt apperance that almost identical to CaOx

A

Calcium sulfate

124
Q

Colorless or yellowish needle or slender prism occuring in sheaves

A

Sodium urates

125
Q

Colorless ELONGATED prism

A

Hipouric acid

126
Q

Mnemonics for NORMAL ACIDIC URINE

A

SHeesh— MACCAU

127
Q

Microscopically indistinguishable from amorphous urates

A

Amorphous phosphate

128
Q

Amorphous phosphate produces

A

White precipitates

129
Q

Only urate found in alkaline urine that has a sphere with striations ( THORNY APPLES)

A

Ammonium biurates

130
Q

Crystal commonly seen in OLD URINE SAMPLES

A

Ammonium biurates

131
Q

Ammonium biurates resembles

A

Sulfonamide crystals

132
Q

Formation of gas (effervescence) after adding acetic acid

A

Calcium carbonate

133
Q

Common constituent of renal calculi

A

Calcium phosphate

134
Q

Calcium phosphate is also known as

A

Apatite

135
Q

Alkaline urine that has the presence of urea- splitting bacteria

A

Ammonium biurates and
Triple phosphate

136
Q

Coffin lid or fern-like crystals

A

Triple phosphate

137
Q

Triple phosphate is also known as

A

Struvite

138
Q

Triple phosphate is associated with

A

Staghorn calculi

139
Q

Mnemonics for Normal Alkaline Urine

A

CACAT

140
Q

Colorless, hexagonal plates of crab

A

Cysteine

141
Q

Cysteine is associated with

A

Sulfur odor

142
Q

Crab that is Flat rectangular plates with notched corners ( staircase patter or broken window panes)

A

Cholesterol

143
Q

Cholesterol resembles as

A

Radiographic contrast media

144
Q

Cholesterol is associated with

A

Nephrotic syndrome

145
Q

Crab that appears fine delicate needles or sheaves

A

Tyrosine

146
Q

Tyrosine is associated with

A

liver disease

147
Q

Crab that appears oily looking spheres with a delicate radiating and concentric striation

A

Leucine

148
Q

T or F:
Leucine is precipitated with cholesterol after adding alcohol

A

False ( with tyrosine)

149
Q

Leucine is associated with

A

Liver disease
Oasthouse urine disease
MSUD

150
Q

Yellow or ruby red clumped needle crab

A

Bilirubin

151
Q

Positive bilirubin reagent strip

A

Diazo reaction

152
Q

Test used for sulfonamide

A

Lignin test

153
Q

Lignin test

A

Urine + 25% HCl = yellow-orange color

154
Q

Refrigeration forms bundles

A

Ampicillin

155
Q

Feather like crystals that aggregate into wing like bundles

A

Indavir sulfate

156
Q

Resembles cholesterol crystals

A

Radiographic dye

Cm (10 decks)

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