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Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Urine composition

A

95% water
5% solutes

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2
Q

Organic components of urine

A

Urea
Creatinine

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3
Q

Major organinc component of urine

A

Urea ( 60% - 90%)

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4
Q

Inorganic components of urine

A

Chloride
Sodium
Potassium

[ChaNaK]

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5
Q

Major inorganic component of urine

A

Chloride

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6
Q

Recommended capacity of container for urine spx

A

50 mL

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7
Q

Sterile containers are suggested if _______ elapse between spc collection and analysis

A

> 2 hours

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8
Q

Reasons for spx rejection

A

Unlabeled container
Non matching labels
Contaminated spx
Insufficient quantity
Improper transport

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9
Q

After collection, spx must be sent to the lab and tested within_____

A

2hours

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10
Q

Analytes that increases if spx is not properly preserved

A

pH
Bacteria
Odor
Nitrite

[PaBaON]

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11
Q

It is the most routinely use method of physical preservative

A

Refrigeration

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12
Q

Temp of refrigerator used as preservative

A

2-8 celsius

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13
Q

T or F:
Refrigeration increases sg when measured by urinometer

A

True

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14
Q

Ideal preservatives

A

Chemical

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15
Q

Preservative that preserves glucose and sediment well

A

Thymol

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16
Q

Preservative that preserves protein and fprmed elements well

A

Boric acid

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17
Q

Excellent sediment preservative

A

Formalin

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18
Q

Good preservative for drig analysis

A

Sodium fluoride

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19
Q

Most commonly received spx

A

Random

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20
Q

Random urine spx is useful for

A

Routine screening test

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21
Q

Ideal screening spx

A

8 hour spx (first morning)

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22
Q

8 hour spx is useful for

A

Preventing false negative pregnancy test and evaluating orthostatic proteinuria

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23
Q

Fasting spx is useful

A

for glucose monitoring

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24
Q

Spx used for monitoring insulin therapy

A

2-hour post prandial

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25
Q

Spx used to test glucose and ketones

A

Glucose tolerance spx

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26
Q

Early afternoon spx is useful for

A

Urobilinogen determination

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27
Q

12- hour urine is for

A

Addis count

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28
Q

Catheterized spx is used to

A

Measure function of individual kidney

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29
Q

Most common used for bacterial culture

A

Catheterized spx

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30
Q

Spx used as an alternative to catheterized spx

A

Midstream clean catch

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31
Q

Suprapubic aspiration is used for

A

Cytologic examination

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32
Q

Volume used for drug spx collection

A

30-45 mL

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33
Q

Temp and time used for drug spx collection

A

32.5 to 37.7 Celsius for 4 mins

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34
Q

Normal daily urine output

A

600-2000 mL

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35
Q

Average urine output

A

1200-1500 mL

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36
Q

Decreased urine output

A

Oliguria

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37
Q

Oliguria in infants

A

< 1mL/kg/ hr

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38
Q

Oliguria in children

A

< 0.5 mL/ kg/ hr

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39
Q

Oliguria in adult

A

< 400 mL/ day

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40
Q

Anuria means

A

Cessation of urine flow

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41
Q

T or F:
The kidney excrete 2-3 times more during night than day

A

False ( more during day than night)

42
Q

Increased nocturnal excretion

43
Q

Increased DAILY urine

44
Q

Polyuria in children

A

2.5 to 3 ml/kg/day

45
Q

Polyuria in adult

A

> 2.5 L/day

46
Q

Difference between DI and DM

A

DI
- decreased SG
- problem is in the ADH

DM
- increases SG
- problem is in the insulin

47
Q

Color of urine is mainly determined by its_______

A

Concentration

48
Q

Pale yellow urine means

49
Q

Dark yello urine means

A

Concentrated

50
Q

It causes yello pigment in urine

51
Q

Who named urochrome

A

Thudichum (1864)

52
Q

T or F:
Production of urochrome is dependent on the body’s metabolic state

53
Q

It causes PINK pigment that results amorphous urates precipatation

A

Uroerythrin

54
Q

It causes ORANGE-BROWN pigment in the oxidation product of urobilinogen

55
Q

How to examine urine color

A

Examine under good light source against white bg

56
Q

It produces YELLOW FOAM when shaken

57
Q

_______ also produces yellow foam when shaken that can be mistaken for bilirubin

A

Phenazopyridine

58
Q

It produces RED and CLOUDY urine

59
Q

It produces RED and CLEAR urine

A

Hgb and myoglobin

60
Q

When does red urine becomes brown

A

When the RBC remains in an acidic urine for serveral hours due to oxidation of hgb to methgb

61
Q

Hgb is the result from

A

In vivo breakdown of RBC

62
Q

Myoglobin is the result from

A

Breakdown of skeletal muscle

63
Q

It causes PORT WINE color urine due to oxidation of porphobilinogen

64
Q

Pigmented food that produces red color in ALKALINE urine

65
Q

Pigmented food that produces red color in ACIDIC urine

A

blackberries

66
Q

Metabolite of phenylalanine

A

Homogentisic acid

67
Q

Homogentisic acid imparts a black color to ALKALINE urine in px with ______

A

Alkaptonuria

68
Q

Bacterial infxn imparts what color of urine

69
Q

It refers to the transparency or turbidity of urine spx

70
Q

No visible particulates
Transparent

71
Q

Few particulares
Prints easily seen thru urine

72
Q

MANY particulates
Prints blurred thru urine

73
Q

Prints CANNON be seen thru urine

74
Q

May precipitate or be clotted

75
Q

How to report clarity

A

Clear
Hazy
Cloudy
Turbid
Milky

[CHeck-Co- kung- TaMa]

76
Q

Nonpathologic turbidity

A

Squamous epithelial
Bacteria
Amorphous urates, phosphate and carbonates
Semen
Fecal contamination
Radiographic contrast media
Talcum powder
Vaginal cream

77
Q

Pathological turbidity

A

Rbc, Wbc, bacteria, or yeast cell
Abnormal amounts of nonsquamous cell
Abnormal crystals
Lumph fluid
Lipids

78
Q

Indicator of concentration of dissolved material in the urine

A

specific gravity

79
Q

First fxn to diminish in renal dsx

A

Tubular reabsorption

80
Q

Normal urine SG

A

Random: 1.003-1.035
24-hour: 1.015-1.025

81
Q

Sg of Isosthenuria urine

82
Q

It is the end stage of renal dsx

A

Isosthenuria

83
Q

Direct method for determining sg

A

Urinometer and harmonic oscillation densitometry

Principle: density (both)

84
Q

Indirect method for determining sg

A

Refractometer and Reagent strip

85
Q

How many volume are needed for urinometer

86
Q

Urinometer is usually calibrated at

A

20 celsius

87
Q

The frequency or sound waves entering a solution

A

HOD( harmonic oscillation densitometry)

88
Q

HOD result is valid up to sg of

89
Q

Volume of urine needed for Refractometer

90
Q

Refractometer is calibrated between

A

15-38 celsius

91
Q

Calibration needed for Refractometer

A

Distilled water- 1.000
5% NaCl- 1.022
9% Sucrose- 1.034

92
Q

Lack of odor in urine from px with ARF suggest

A

Acute tubular necrosis

93
Q

Normal odor of urine

94
Q

Odor of urine when there is a BACTERIAL decomposition

A

Foul and ammonia-like

95
Q

Presence of KETONE suggest what odor

A

Fruity and sweet

96
Q

Px with PHENYLKETONURIA has the _______ odor of urine

97
Q

Tyrosinemia

98
Q

Isovaleric acidemia and glutaric acidemia

A

Sweaty feet

99
Q

Methionine malabsorption

A

Cabbage and hops

100
Q

Trimethylaminuria

A

Rotting fish

Cm (10 decks)

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