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Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Urine composition

A

95% water
5% solutes

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2
Q

Organic components of urine

A

Urea
Creatinine

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3
Q

Major organinc component of urine

A

Urea ( 60% - 90%)

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4
Q

Inorganic components of urine

A

Chloride
Sodium
Potassium

[ChaNaK]

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5
Q

Major inorganic component of urine

A

Chloride

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6
Q

Recommended capacity of container for urine spx

A

50 mL

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7
Q

Sterile containers are suggested if _______ elapse between spc collection and analysis

A

> 2 hours

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8
Q

Reasons for spx rejection

A

Unlabeled container
Non matching labels
Contaminated spx
Insufficient quantity
Improper transport

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9
Q

After collection, spx must be sent to the lab and tested within_____

A

2hours

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10
Q

Analytes that increases if spx is not properly preserved

A

pH
Bacteria
Odor
Nitrite

[PaBaON]

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11
Q

It is the most routinely use method of physical preservative

A

Refrigeration

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12
Q

Temp of refrigerator used as preservative

A

2-8 celsius

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13
Q

T or F:
Refrigeration increases sg when measured by urinometer

A

True

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14
Q

Ideal preservatives

A

Chemical

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15
Q

Preservative that preserves glucose and sediment well

A

Thymol

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16
Q

Preservative that preserves protein and fprmed elements well

A

Boric acid

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17
Q

Excellent sediment preservative

A

Formalin

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18
Q

Good preservative for drig analysis

A

Sodium fluoride

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19
Q

Most commonly received spx

A

Random

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20
Q

Random urine spx is useful for

A

Routine screening test

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21
Q

Ideal screening spx

A

8 hour spx (first morning)

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22
Q

8 hour spx is useful for

A

Preventing false negative pregnancy test and evaluating orthostatic proteinuria

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23
Q

Fasting spx is useful

A

for glucose monitoring

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24
Q

Spx used for monitoring insulin therapy

A

2-hour post prandial

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25
Spx used to test glucose and ketones
Glucose tolerance spx
26
Early afternoon spx is useful for
Urobilinogen determination
27
12- hour urine is for
Addis count
28
Catheterized spx is used to
Measure function of individual kidney
29
Most common used for bacterial culture
Catheterized spx
30
Spx used as an alternative to catheterized spx
Midstream clean catch
31
Suprapubic aspiration is used for
Cytologic examination
32
Volume used for drug spx collection
30-45 mL
33
Temp and time used for drug spx collection
32.5 to 37.7 Celsius for 4 mins
34
Normal daily urine output
600-2000 mL
35
Average urine output
1200-1500 mL
36
Decreased urine output
Oliguria
37
Oliguria in infants
< 1mL/kg/ hr
38
Oliguria in children
< 0.5 mL/ kg/ hr
39
Oliguria in adult
< 400 mL/ day
40
Anuria means
Cessation of urine flow
41
T or F: The kidney excrete 2-3 times more during night than day
False ( more during day than night)
42
Increased nocturnal excretion
Nocturia
43
Increased DAILY urine
Polyuria
44
Polyuria in children
2.5 to 3 ml/kg/day
45
Polyuria in adult
> 2.5 L/day
46
Difference between DI and DM
DI - decreased SG - problem is in the ADH DM - increases SG - problem is in the insulin
47
Color of urine is mainly determined by its_______
Concentration
48
Pale yellow urine means
Dilute
49
Dark yello urine means
Concentrated
50
It causes yello pigment in urine
Urochrome
51
Who named urochrome
Thudichum (1864)
52
T or F: Production of urochrome is dependent on the body's metabolic state
True
53
It causes PINK pigment that results amorphous urates precipatation
Uroerythrin
54
It causes ORANGE-BROWN pigment in the oxidation product of urobilinogen
Urobilin
55
How to examine urine color
Examine under good light source against white bg
56
It produces YELLOW FOAM when shaken
Bilirubin
57
_______ also produces yellow foam when shaken that can be mistaken for bilirubin
Phenazopyridine
58
It produces RED and CLOUDY urine
Rbc
59
It produces RED and CLEAR urine
Hgb and myoglobin
60
When does red urine becomes brown
When the RBC remains in an acidic urine for serveral hours due to oxidation of hgb to methgb
61
Hgb is the result from
In vivo breakdown of RBC
62
Myoglobin is the result from
Breakdown of skeletal muscle
63
It causes PORT WINE color urine due to oxidation of porphobilinogen
Porphyrin
64
Pigmented food that produces red color in ALKALINE urine
Beets
65
Pigmented food that produces red color in ACIDIC urine
blackberries
66
Metabolite of phenylalanine
Homogentisic acid
67
Homogentisic acid imparts a black color to ALKALINE urine in px with ______
Alkaptonuria
68
Bacterial infxn imparts what color of urine
Green
69
It refers to the transparency or turbidity of urine spx
Clarity
70
No visible particulates Transparent
Clear
71
Few particulares Prints easily seen thru urine
Hazy
72
MANY particulates Prints blurred thru urine
Cloudy
73
Prints CANNON be seen thru urine
Turbid
74
May precipitate or be clotted
Milky
75
How to report clarity
Clear Hazy Cloudy Turbid Milky [CHeck-Co- kung- TaMa]
76
Nonpathologic turbidity
Squamous epithelial Bacteria Amorphous urates, phosphate and carbonates Semen Fecal contamination Radiographic contrast media Talcum powder Vaginal cream
77
Pathological turbidity
Rbc, Wbc, bacteria, or yeast cell Abnormal amounts of nonsquamous cell Abnormal crystals Lumph fluid Lipids
78
Indicator of concentration of dissolved material in the urine
specific gravity
79
First fxn to diminish in renal dsx
Tubular reabsorption
80
Normal urine SG
Random: 1.003-1.035 24-hour: 1.015-1.025
81
Sg of Isosthenuria urine
1.010
82
It is the end stage of renal dsx
Isosthenuria
83
Direct method for determining sg
Urinometer and harmonic oscillation densitometry Principle: density (both)
84
Indirect method for determining sg
Refractometer and Reagent strip
85
How many volume are needed for urinometer
10-15 mL
86
Urinometer is usually calibrated at
20 celsius
87
The frequency or sound waves entering a solution
HOD( harmonic oscillation densitometry)
88
HOD result is valid up to sg of
1.080
89
Volume of urine needed for Refractometer
1-2 gtts
90
Refractometer is calibrated between
15-38 celsius
91
Calibration needed for Refractometer
Distilled water- 1.000 5% NaCl- 1.022 9% Sucrose- 1.034
92
Lack of odor in urine from px with ARF suggest
Acute tubular necrosis
93
Normal odor of urine
Aromatic
94
Odor of urine when there is a BACTERIAL decomposition
Foul and ammonia-like
95
Presence of KETONE suggest what odor
Fruity and sweet
96
Px with PHENYLKETONURIA has the _______ odor of urine
Mousy
97
Tyrosinemia
Rancid
98
Isovaleric acidemia and glutaric acidemia
Sweaty feet
99
Methionine malabsorption
Cabbage and hops
100
Trimethylaminuria
Rotting fish

Cm (10 decks)

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