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Cm > Chemical Examination > Flashcards

Chemical Examination Flashcards

1
Q

Principle for pH

A

Double indicator system

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2
Q

Normal urine pH

A

Random: 4.5- 8.0
First morning: 5.0- 6.0
With normal protein diet: 4.5-6.5

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3
Q

Indicators in pH

A

Methyl red and bromthymol blue

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4
Q

Methyl Red

A

Red to Yellow
4-6

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5
Q

Bromthymol blue

A

Green to blue
6-9

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6
Q

T or F:
pH is used to identify crystals and determined unsatisfactory spx

A

True

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7
Q

Most indicative of renal dsx

A

Protein

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8
Q

Major serum protein found in urine

A

Albumin

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9
Q

Proteins normally found in urine

A

Albumin
Uromodulin
Serum and tubular microglobulin
Proteins from prostatic, seminal, and vaginal secretion

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10
Q

Normal urine protein value

A

< 10 mg/ dL or 100 mg/24hrs

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11
Q

Protein shows ______ in urine

A

White foam

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12
Q

Presence of increase protein in the urine

A

Clinical proteinuria
(> 30 mg/dL or 300 mg/L)

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13
Q

nNOT indicative of actu renal dsx and NOT detected by reagent strip

A

Pre-renal

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14
Q

Pre renal results from….

A

Increased quantity of plasma protein in the blood

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15
Q

Conditions associated in pre-renal

A

Septicemia/ sever infxn= increase APR
Hemoglobinuria= intravascular hemolysis
Myoglobinuria= muscle injury
MM= increased bence jones protein

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16
Q

Bence jone protein precipitates at _____ and disappear at ____

A

40-60 celsius
100 celsius

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17
Q

Suspected case of MM should be diagnosed by performing

A

Serum electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis

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18
Q

Associated with true renal dsx

A

Renal proteinuria

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19
Q

It is the most common type of renal proteinuria and the most clinically serious

A

Glomerular proteinuria

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20
Q

Caused by oncreased pressure on renal vein when prolonged vertical position

A

Orthostatic proteinuria

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21
Q

It occurs when normal tubular reabsorptive fxn is altered or impaired

A

Tubular proteinuria

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22
Q

Indicator of diabetic nephropathy

A

Microalbuminuria

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23
Q

What test is used for microalbuminuria

A

Micral test

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24
Q

Decreased glomerular filtration

A

Diabetic nephropathy

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25
Q

Protein produced by urinary tract or contamination of urine with protein during excretion

A

Post-renal

26
Q

Reference method to test albumin

A

Heat and acetic acid test

27
Q

T or F:
The degree of turbidity in heat and acetic Acid test produced is proportional to tje amount of protein present

A

True

28
Q

Positive results for heat and acetic acid test

A

Diffuse cloud: 1+
Granular cloud:2+
Distinct floccule: 3+
Large floccule: 4+

[DGDL]

29
Q

Reagent used in SSA

A

3% SSA + 3mL of centrifuged urine

30
Q

Grading of SSA

A

No increase in turbidity: NEG
Noticeable turbidity: TRACE
Distinct turbidity: 1+
Turbidity with granulation: 2+
Turbidity with granulation and flocculation: 3+
Clumps of protein: 4+

31
Q

False positive in SSA

A

Radiographic dye
Tolbutamide metabolites
Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Sulfonamide

[RT-PCS]

32
Q

False negative in SSA

A

Highly alkaline urine
Diluted samples

33
Q

+SSA and +reagent strip

A

Presence of albumin

34
Q

+SSA and -reagent strip

A

Presence of other protein

35
Q

Most frequent chemical analysis

A

Glucose

36
Q

Clinical significance of glucose

A

Detection of DM

37
Q

Renal threshold of glucose

A

160-180 mg/dL

38
Q

Normal glucose value in urine

A

Random: 15 mg/dL
Fasting: 2- 20 mg/dL/ 100 mL of urine

39
Q

A generalized test for gucose and other reducing substances

A

Benedict’s test

40
Q

Results for Benedict’s test

A

Clear blue color| blue precipitate: NEG
Bluish-green color: TRACE
Green color| G or Y precipitate: 1+
Y-G color| yellow precipitate: 2+
Y-O color| Y-O precipitate: 3+
Reddish yellow color| brick red precipitate: 4+

41
Q

A non specific test for glucose

A

Copper Reduction Method (clinitest tablet)

42
Q

Sensitivity of copper Reduction Method

A

200 mg/dL

43
Q

Reagents used in copper Reduction method

A

Copper sulfate
Sodium carbonate and citric acid
Sodium hydroxide

44
Q

Result for copper Reduction method

A

0 percent: NEG
1/4 percent: TRACE
1/2 percent: 1+
3/4 percent: 2+
1 percent: 3+
2 percent: 4+

45
Q

+ clinitest and rgt strip

A

Presence of glucose

46
Q

+ clinictest and - rgt test

A

Presence of non glucose reducing sugar

47
Q
  • clinitest and 1+ rgt strip
A

Presence of small amount of glucose

48
Q
  • clinitest and 4+ rgt strip
A

False positive rxt

49
Q

Increased fat metabolism due to abnormal na carbohydrate utilization

A

Ketones

50
Q

Gerhard test is used only for

A

Diacetic acid

51
Q

Rothera’s test detects

A

Acetone and diacetic acid

52
Q

Hart’s test

A

Beta- hydroxybutyric acid

53
Q

yellow pigmented degradation product of hgb

A

Bilirubin

54
Q

Clinical significance of bilirubin

A

Screening of abnormal hepatobiliary fxn

55
Q

T or F:
Those conjugated form of bilirubin are the only one that can appear in the urine

A

True

56
Q

Test used for bilirubin

A

Ictotest

57
Q

Positive results of ictotest

A

Blue to purple color

58
Q

Colorless pigment formed from the breakdown of bilirubin in the intestine

A

Urobilinogen

59
Q

Urobilinogen excretion peak at

A

2pm to 4pm

60
Q

Normal urine urobilinogen value

A

< 1 mg/dL or 1 erlich unit or
0.5 to 25 mg/ units/ 24 hrs

Cm (10 decks)

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