Chemical Examination Flashcards
Principle for pH
Double indicator system
Normal urine pH
Random: 4.5- 8.0
First morning: 5.0- 6.0
With normal protein diet: 4.5-6.5
Indicators in pH
Methyl red and bromthymol blue
Methyl Red
Red to Yellow
4-6
Bromthymol blue
Green to blue
6-9
T or F:
pH is used to identify crystals and determined unsatisfactory spx
True
Most indicative of renal dsx
Protein
Major serum protein found in urine
Albumin
Proteins normally found in urine
Albumin
Uromodulin
Serum and tubular microglobulin
Proteins from prostatic, seminal, and vaginal secretion
Normal urine protein value
< 10 mg/ dL or 100 mg/24hrs
Protein shows ______ in urine
White foam
Presence of increase protein in the urine
Clinical proteinuria
(> 30 mg/dL or 300 mg/L)
nNOT indicative of actu renal dsx and NOT detected by reagent strip
Pre-renal
Pre renal results from….
Increased quantity of plasma protein in the blood
Conditions associated in pre-renal
Septicemia/ sever infxn= increase APR
Hemoglobinuria= intravascular hemolysis
Myoglobinuria= muscle injury
MM= increased bence jones protein
Bence jone protein precipitates at _____ and disappear at ____
40-60 celsius
100 celsius
Suspected case of MM should be diagnosed by performing
Serum electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis
Associated with true renal dsx
Renal proteinuria
It is the most common type of renal proteinuria and the most clinically serious
Glomerular proteinuria
Caused by oncreased pressure on renal vein when prolonged vertical position
Orthostatic proteinuria
It occurs when normal tubular reabsorptive fxn is altered or impaired
Tubular proteinuria
Indicator of diabetic nephropathy
Microalbuminuria
What test is used for microalbuminuria
Micral test
Decreased glomerular filtration
Diabetic nephropathy
Protein produced by urinary tract or contamination of urine with protein during excretion
Post-renal
Reference method to test albumin
Heat and acetic acid test
T or F:
The degree of turbidity in heat and acetic Acid test produced is proportional to tje amount of protein present
True
Positive results for heat and acetic acid test
Diffuse cloud: 1+
Granular cloud:2+
Distinct floccule: 3+
Large floccule: 4+
[DGDL]
Reagent used in SSA
3% SSA + 3mL of centrifuged urine
Grading of SSA
No increase in turbidity: NEG
Noticeable turbidity: TRACE
Distinct turbidity: 1+
Turbidity with granulation: 2+
Turbidity with granulation and flocculation: 3+
Clumps of protein: 4+
False positive in SSA
Radiographic dye
Tolbutamide metabolites
Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Sulfonamide
[RT-PCS]
False negative in SSA
Highly alkaline urine
Diluted samples
+SSA and +reagent strip
Presence of albumin
+SSA and -reagent strip
Presence of other protein
Most frequent chemical analysis
Glucose
Clinical significance of glucose
Detection of DM
Renal threshold of glucose
160-180 mg/dL
Normal glucose value in urine
Random: 15 mg/dL
Fasting: 2- 20 mg/dL/ 100 mL of urine
A generalized test for gucose and other reducing substances
Benedict’s test
Results for Benedict’s test
Clear blue color| blue precipitate: NEG
Bluish-green color: TRACE
Green color| G or Y precipitate: 1+
Y-G color| yellow precipitate: 2+
Y-O color| Y-O precipitate: 3+
Reddish yellow color| brick red precipitate: 4+
A non specific test for glucose
Copper Reduction Method (clinitest tablet)
Sensitivity of copper Reduction Method
200 mg/dL
Reagents used in copper Reduction method
Copper sulfate
Sodium carbonate and citric acid
Sodium hydroxide
Result for copper Reduction method
0 percent: NEG
1/4 percent: TRACE
1/2 percent: 1+
3/4 percent: 2+
1 percent: 3+
2 percent: 4+
+ clinitest and rgt strip
Presence of glucose
+ clinictest and - rgt test
Presence of non glucose reducing sugar
- clinitest and 1+ rgt strip
Presence of small amount of glucose
- clinitest and 4+ rgt strip
False positive rxt
Increased fat metabolism due to abnormal na carbohydrate utilization
Ketones
Gerhard test is used only for
Diacetic acid
Rothera’s test detects
Acetone and diacetic acid
Hart’s test
Beta- hydroxybutyric acid
yellow pigmented degradation product of hgb
Bilirubin
Clinical significance of bilirubin
Screening of abnormal hepatobiliary fxn
T or F:
Those conjugated form of bilirubin are the only one that can appear in the urine
True
Test used for bilirubin
Ictotest
Positive results of ictotest
Blue to purple color
Colorless pigment formed from the breakdown of bilirubin in the intestine
Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen excretion peak at
2pm to 4pm
Normal urine urobilinogen value
< 1 mg/dL or 1 erlich unit or
0.5 to 25 mg/ units/ 24 hrs
