Microscopes & Histology (LAB 3) Flashcards

1
Q

scanning objective

A

4x magnification

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2
Q

low power objective

A

10x magnification (yellow)

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3
Q

high power dry objective

A

40x magnification (blue)

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4
Q

oil immersion objective

A
100x magnification (white)
 \> requires special technique & use of immersion oil
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5
Q

total magnification

A

power of ocular lens X power of objective lens

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6
Q

human body contains 4 main types of tissues:

A
  1. epithelial tissue
  2. connective tissue
  3. neural tissue
  4. muscular tissue
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7
Q

epithelial tissue

A

found on internal & external surfaces

all types are named according to 2 characteristics:

cell shape

number of layers of cells

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8
Q

simple squamous

A

single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm, simplest form of epithelia

function: allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection isn’t important, secretes lubricating substances in serosae

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9
Q
A

location: kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

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10
Q

simple cuboidal

A

single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei

function: secretion and absorption

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11
Q
A

location: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

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12
Q

stratified squamous

A

thick membrane composed of several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active, surface cells are keratinized and dead (squamous), basal cells are active in mitosis and produce cells of more superficial layers

function: protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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13
Q
A

location: non-keratinized type forms most linings of esophagus, mouth, and vagina, keratinized variety forms epidermis of skin, a dry membrane

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14
Q

simple columnar

A

single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei, many cells bear microvilli while others have cilia, layer may have goblet cells (mucus-secreting unicellular glands)

function: absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action

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15
Q
A

location: non-ciliated type lines most of digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gall bladder, and excretory ducts of some glands, ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of uterus

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16
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

A

single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching free surface, nuclei seen at different levels, may contain goblet cells and bear cilia

function: secrete substances, particularly mucus,propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

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17
Q
A

location: non-ciliated type in males’ sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands, ciliated variety lines trachea, most of upper respiratory tract

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18
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

generally two layers of cubelike cells

function: protection

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19
Q
A

location: largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands,and salivary glands

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20
Q

stratified columnar

A

several cell layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and columnar

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21
Q
A

function: protection; secretion

location: rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra in in large ducts of some glands

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22
Q

endothelium

A

epithelial tissue found lining hollow organs

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23
Q

functions of epithelial tissue include:

A

protection

absorption

filtration

excretion

secretion

sensory reception

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24
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue include:

A

consists mostly of cells & very little matrix

cells are close together

avascular & innervated tissue

rapidly dividing and reproducing tissue

displays polarity

25
Q

classification of connective tissue

A
  • connective tissue proper
  • cartilage
  • osseous (bone) tissue
  • blood
26
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

gel-like matrix with all three fiber types: cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells

27
Q
A

function: wraps and cushions organs, its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid

location: widely distributed under epithelia of body, forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries

28
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

loose network of reticular fibers in a gel-like ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network

29
Q
A

function: fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages

location: lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)

30
Q

dense, regular connective tissue

A

primarily parallel collagen fibers, a few elastic fibers, major cell type is fibroblast

31
Q
A

function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles, attaches bones to bones, withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

32
Q

adipose connective tissue

A

closely packed adipocytes or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to side by large fat droplet

33
Q
A

function: provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs

location: under skin in subcutaneous tissue, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts

34
Q

dense, irregular connective tissue

A

primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, fibroblasts is the major cell type

35
Q
A

function: withstands tension exerted in many directions, provides structural strength

location: fibrous capsules of organs and of joints, dermis of the skin, submucosa of digestive tract

36
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

type of cells: fibroblasts

matrix: elastic fibers

location: walls of arteries

function: resist drastic changes in pressure

37
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers

38
Q
A

function: allows tissue to recoil after stretching, maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries, aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

location: walls of large arteries, within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column, within walls of bronchial tubes

39
Q

types of cartilage:

A
  1. hyaline
  2. elastic
  3. fibrocartilage
40
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

amorphous but firm matrix, collagen fibers form an undetectable network, chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature chondrocytes lie in lacunae

41
Q
A

function: supports and reinforces, serves as resilient cushion, resists compressive stress

location: forms most of embryonic skeleton, covers ends of long bones in joint cavities, forms costal cartilages of ribs, cartilages of nose, trachea, and larynx

42
Q

elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix

43
Q
A

function: maintains shape of structure while allowing great flexibility

location: supports the external ear (

44
Q

fibrocartilage

A

matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage, thick collagen fibers predominate

45
Q
A

function: tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock

location: intervertebral discs. pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint

46
Q

osseous tissue

A

bone tissue that is hard, calcified connective tissue whose matrix contains organic materials and mineral salts

→ contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and highly vascularized

47
Q

function of osseous tissue

A

protects and supports the body’s structure, stores calcium, provides attachment points for muscles, marrow inside blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

48
Q

blood

A

liquid connective tissue (UNIQUE)

→ has erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

matrix is watery substance called plasma

function: transports oxygen & nutrients throughout cardiovascular system

49
Q
A

function: transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

location: contained within blood vessels

50
Q

types of muscle tissue

A
  1. skeletal
  2. cardiac
  3. smooth
51
Q

skeletal muscle

A

long, cylindrical multinucleate cells, obvious striations

52
Q
A

function: voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of environment, facial expression, voluntary control

location: in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

53
Q

cardiac muscle

A

branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)

54
Q
A

function: as it contracts, it propels blood into circulation, involuntary control

location: walls of heart

55
Q

smooth muscle

A

spindle-shaped (elongated) cells with central nuclei, no striations, cells arranged closely to form sheets

56
Q
A

function: propels substances or objects (food stuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways, involuntary control

location: mostly in walls of hollow organs

57
Q

nervous (neural) tissue

A

neurons are branching cells, contains neuron processes (axon) that extend from cell body with dendrites

58
Q
A

function: neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands), supporting cells support and protect neurons

location: brain, spinal cord, and nerves