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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Cells: The Living Units (Ch. 3) > Flashcards

Cells: The Living Units (Ch. 3) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a cell?

A

most basic living structural and functional unit of the body

cells are made mostly of WATER

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2
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside of cell

function: transports molecules through body

components:

water (main)

Na+, K+ , CI- , HCO3-

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3
Q

intracellular fluid

A

cytosol: watery fluid inside the cell

cytoplasm: cytosol + organelles

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4
Q

cell membrane

A

also known as Plasma Membrane

function: act as selectively permeable membrane barrier for materials entering and exiting cell

  • flexible but sturdy barrier surrounding contents of cell
  • separates intracellular from extracellular
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5
Q

cell membrane

A

made up of several components including:

  • phospholipids
  • glycolipids
  • cholesterol
  • proteins
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6
Q

phospholipids

A

most common plasma membrane lipid

PURPOSE: creates LIPID BILAYER of Plasma Membrane

Polar Heads⇢ Hydrophilic

Non-Polar Tails⇢ Hydrophobic

makes up 75% of cell membrane

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7
Q

cell junctions

A

there are 3 specialized cell junction structures that help to attach cells:

  • gap junctions
  • tight junctions
  • desmosome (mechanical junctions)
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8
Q

gap junctions

A

junction that allows communication b/w adjacent cells

plasma membranes are very close together & connected by hollow, water-filled cylinders

  • allows small molecules to pass from cell to cell easily
  • common in electrically excitable cells such as heart & nerves
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9
Q

tight junctions

A

IMPERMEABLE junction that helps PREVENT molecules from passing through extracellular space b/w cells

plasma membranes of adjacent cells are fused together

(ex: in digestive tract organs to prevent digestive enzymes from seeping out of organ & into bloodstream)

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10
Q

desmosomes

A

(Anchoring Junctions)

mechanical couplings scattered along sides of adjacent cells to prevent them from separating

found in cells that sustain a lot of mechanical stress (movement, stretching) such as skin & heart

  • helps to anchor cells together by reducing tension
  • fastened together by proteins & filaments
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11
Q

cell membrane is…

A

selectively permeable

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12
Q

types of cell membrane transportation

A
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • osmosis
  • active transport
  • vesicular transport
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13
Q

simple diffusion

A

passive process: requires no energy

random movement of particles from an area of HIGH concentration to LOW concentration

HIGH ⇢ LOW

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14
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive process: requires no energy

diffusion of substance through channels or attached to protein & is carried across

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15
Q

osmosis

A

passive process: requires no energy

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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16
Q

active transport

A

ENERGY IS REQUIRED

transportation of molecules across plasma membrane from area of LOW concentration to HIGH concentration

LOW ⇢ HIGH

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17
Q

vesicular transport

A

vesicle ⇢ small, spherical sacs (bubble-like)

REQUIRES ATP

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18
Q

types of vesicular transport

A

endocytosis⇢ moving molecules INTO a cell

phagocytosis⇢ cell EATING/ INGESTION

pinocytosis⇢ cell DRINKING

exocytosis⇢ moving molecules OUT of a cell

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19
Q

tonicity

A

ability of a solution to change shape or tone of cells by changing volume of WATER within cell

3 types of solution tonicities:

isotonic

hypotonic

hypertonic

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20
Q

isotonic solution

A

CELL RETAINS ITS SHAPE

concentrations of solutes & H20 are SAME inside & outside

water doesn’t have to move or moves in & out in equal amounts

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21
Q

hypotonic solution

A

concentration of H20 OUTSIDE > INSIDE

water will move INTO cell

cell will swell & gain weight

cell will eventually burst (lyse)

22
Q

hypertonic solutions

A

concentration of H2O INSIDE>OUTSIDE

water will move OUT of cell & cell will lose weight

cell SHRINKS (crenates)

23
Q

cilia

A

short, multiple, hair-like extensions of cell that have whip-like movement

group of “hairs” that beat in unison to generate current

ex: cells in trachea

24
Q

flagella

A

long projection from cell

humans only have ONE flagellum

moves cell through its environment

ex: sperm cell

25
Q

microvilli

A

minute, finger-like extensions of plasma membrane

greatly increases surface area

“little shaggy hairs”

26
Q

cell organelles

A

specialized structures inside cell cytoplasm that perform specific functions

work together like an assembly line in a factory

27
Q

ribosomes

A

small granules of protein & RNA

function: protein synthesis

some are free-floating in cytosol (free) and others are attached to outside of organelles (membrane-bound)

28
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of flattened tubes & channels inside cell

takes up over ½ of space inside cell

2 types of ER:

Rough ER

Smooth ER

29
Q

Rough ER

A

covered with ribosomes

function: involved in protein synthesis

30
Q

Smooth ER

A

no ribosomes (not involved in protein synthesis)

most functions involve lipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones

31
Q

golgi apparatus

A

stacked, flattened sacs

modifies, concentrates, & packages materials produced by rough ER in preparation for leaving cell

32
Q

lysosomes

A

specific type of vesicle

spherical sacs that contain digestive enzymes

function: digest worn-out organelles, cells, or any other biological molecules

33
Q

vacuole

A

specific type of vesicle

sacs filled with fluid (most often water) for use by cell

more common in plant, fungus cells

34
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of cell

contain their own DNA, RNA, & ribosomes

function: produce ATP

35
Q

cytoskeleton

A

cell skeleton

network of rods and proteins found in cytosol

function: stabilize and support cell structure

types of rods found:

microfilaments

intermediate filaments

microtubules

36
Q

centrosome/ centrioles

A

Centrosome ⇢ Cell Center

organization center for microtubules

usually found near nucleus

matrix that contains 2 CENTRIOLES

small, barrel-shaped organelles oriented at right angles to one another

involved in process of mitosis

37
Q

nucleus

A

genetic control center of cell

majority of cells have one nucleus

nuclear membrane (envelope): double-layered membrane that surrounds nucleus/ encloses its contents

nuclear pores: small holes in the membrane of the nucleus formed by proteins

selectively allows substances to move in and out of nucleus

37
Q

nucleus

A

genetic control center of cell

majority of cells have one nucleus

nuclear membrane (envelope): double-layered membrane that surrounds nucleus/ encloses its contents

nuclear pores: small holes in the membrane of the nucleus formed by proteins

selectively allows substances to move in and out of nucleus

38
Q

nucleus (cont’d)

A

nucleolus: mass/area inside nucleus where ribosomes are produced

chromatin: area inside nucleus where DNA/ genetic material is found

39
Q

cell cycle

A

cells will go through changes in order to grow, repair or reproduce

3 stages in cell cycle:

Interphase

M Phase (Mitosis)

Cytokinesis

40
Q

interphase

A

phase of cell cycle that prepares cell to be split/divided into 2 daughter cells

“Preparation Phase”

split into 3 phases:

G1 ⇢ phase normal cell function & growth

S Phase ⇢ DNA is replicated (synthesized)

G2 Phase ⇢ Final preparations before dividing genetic material, fix mutations in DNA replicating (if possible)

41
Q

mitosis (m phase)

A

process of taking ONE mother cell & dividing it into TWO IDENTICAL daughter cells

aka Nuclear Division

1 Cell ⇢ 2 Genetically identical (daughter) cells

essential for growth & tissue repair, replaces old & worn out cells

4 steps in mitosis:

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

42
Q

prophase

A

chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes

nuclear envelope surrounding nucleus disappears

mitotic spindles are formed out from centrosomes

centrosomes/centrioles move away from one another

43
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in middle of cell

line up along metaphase plate

44
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes split & each half migrates to opposite poles of cell

45
Q

telophase

A

2 sets of chromosomes are now at opposite sides of cell & begin uncoiling back into chromatin form

nuclear envelopes reappear

mitotic spindles break down & disappear

46
Q

cytokinesis

A

process of dividing cytoplasm into 2 separate cells

process actually starts during steps of late anaphase & continues through until end of telophase

cleavage furrow: created & what was one cell officially becomes two cells

cleavage created by microscopic filaments contracting & pinching cytoplasm

47
Q

protein synthesis

A

process of making proteins

occurs in 2 steps:

transcription & translation

48
Q

transcription

A

occurs in nucleus

DNA is coded into a strand of mRNA (“half-DNA”)

49
Q

translation

A

occurs in cytoplasm

mRNA is decoded & used to make proteins

(polypeptides/ chains of amino acids)

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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