Integumentary System (Ch. 5) Flashcards

1
Q

function of integumentary system

A

→ acts as barrier & repels water

→ protects from abrasions, infections, dehydration

→ helps regulate body temp. (sweating, goosebumps)

→ acts as sensory organ

→synthesis of vitamin D

→ absorption/ excretion

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2
Q

thick vs. thin skin

A

thin skin thick skin

everywhere there palmar surface of hand

isn’t thick skin plantar surface of feet

→hair →NO hair

→oil glands → NO oil glands

→fewer sweat glands → MORE sweat glands

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3
Q

skin layers:

A

→ epidermis (superficial)

→dermis

→hypodermis

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4
Q

hypodermis

A

contains mostly adipose tissue with some areolar connective tissue

→anchors skin to underlying tissues, but still allows for some movement capability

NOT part of skin, but is part of integument

provides thermal insulation, storage site for triglycerides, shock absorption

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5
Q

dermis

A

deepest layer of skin

thick layer of connective tissue that consists mainly of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and mast cells

→highly vascularized and innervated tissue

contains sensory corpuscles, glands (sebaceous, eccrine), lymphatic vessels

separated into 2 layers: papillary & reticular

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6
Q

papillary region of dermis

A

superficial-most layer of dermis

→made up of areolar connective tissue with many elastic fibers

→ contains Meissner’s (tactile) corpuscles

sensory receptors for light (sensitive) touch

located in DERMAL PAPILLAE

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7
Q

reticular region of dermis

A

deepest layer of dermis

→ made up of mostly dense, irregular connective tissue & small amount of areolar connective tissue

→allows for stretching of skin

tears in reticular later = stretch marks

→contains pacinian corpuscles

sensory receptors for deep touch

→contains 5 different types of glands, hair follicles, & associated smooth muscle structures

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8
Q

skin glands found in dermis layer

A

sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)

apocrine glands

→eccrine (merocrine) glands

modified apocrine (sweat) glands

→ceruminous glands

→mammary glands

sebaceous glands

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9
Q

eccrine glands

A

most common type of sudoriferous (sweat) gland

found in large amounts in palms, soles of feet and forehead

secretes “true sweat”*

*mostly water, also salts, vitamin C, antibodies, anti-microbial protein & small traces of metabolic wastes

primary function: release/produce sweat to prevent overheating (thermoregulation)

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10
Q

apocrine glands

A

only found in axillary & anogenital regions

larger than eccrine glands, begin functioning @ puberty

secretes viscous, milky or yellowish sweat that contains fatty substances & proteins

→body odor is produced when these secretion components are broken down by bacteria on skin

exact function UNKNOWN

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11
Q

ceruminous glands

A

modified sudoriferous gland

found in external ear canal

secretes EARWAX (CERUMEN)

→deters insects, waterproofs ear canal, helps block entry of foreign material

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12
Q

mammary glands

A

modified sudoriferous gland

→milk-producing

→develop within a female breast’s during pregnancy & lactation

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13
Q

sebaceous glands

A

oil glands

found in all thin skin areas

larger on face, neck & upper chest, smaller in size on all other areas of thin skin

→secretes sebum (oil)

→prevents water loss

→softens & lubricates skin & hair

→inhibits bacterial growth

→secretes oil into hair follicle & arrector pili contraction forces it to surface

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14
Q

epidermis

A

keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

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15
Q

5 important cells found in epidermal layer

A
  1. keratinocytes: synthesize keratin (waterproof & strengthens)
  2. basal cells: undifferentiated, immature skin stem cells
  3. dendritic (langerhans) cells: immunity cells
  4. melanocytes: synthesize melanin
  5. tactile (merkel) cells: touch receptors
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16
Q

layers of epidermis:

A

from deep to superficial:

→ stratum basale

→ stratum spinosum

→stratum granulosum

→stratum lucidum (FOUND ONLY IN THICK SKIN)

→ stratum corneum

beautiful skin gets lotion constantly

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17
Q

stratum basale

A

basal layer

deepest epidermal layer that’s attached to dermis

→ single layer of basal (stem) cells, the deepest layers of keratinocytes & some melanocytes

as cells go through mitosis, they’re pushed closer to surface

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18
Q

stratum spinosum

A

spiny layer

consists mostly of keratinocytes that are spikey-looking

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19
Q

stratum granulosum

A

grainy layer

4-6 layers of keratinocytes that are flattened

→ layer where keratinization begins

20
Q

stratum lucidum

A

clear layer

thin layer that’s seen ONLY in thick skin

consists of 2-3 rows of dead keratinocytes

21
Q

stratum corneum

A

cornified layer

consists of 30+ layers of dead, scaly keratinized cells

accounts for ¾ of epidermis thickness

dead but still helps to protect underlying layers

22
Q

skin color

A

melanin produced by melanocytes determines color of skin, hair, & eyes

everyone has approx. same # of melanocytes but variations is due to amount of melanin pigment produced

exposure to sun causes melanocytes to make more melanin*

*blocks & absorbs excess UV LIGHT that cause cancer that may damage DNA of mother cells in basal layer

23
Q

carotene

A

yellowish-orange pigment found in plant products

→ accumulates in stratum corneum & fat tissue of hypodermis

converted into vitamin A which is crucial for skin & eye health

24
Q

erythema

A

red or pinkish hue under skin

→ caused by increased # of hemoglobin in capillaries of skin due to increased blood flow

can be caused by sunburns, inflammation, embarrassment, medications, allergies, fever, hypertension, etc.

25
Q

cyanosis

A

abnormal blue tint/coloring of skin

→ caused by decreased blood flow or decreased hemoglobin or oxygen levels

mostly seen in nail bed & lips but can be found anywhere

26
Q

pallor

A

pale or ashen skin color

→ caused by decreased blood flow to skin (anemia, low blood pressure, etc.)

27
Q

jaundice

A

yellowing of skin & whites of eyes

→ caused by increased levels of bilirubin in blood

usually indicates liver disease or problem

28
Q

bronzing

A

skin appears gold/bronze color

commonly due to addison’s disease

29
Q

bruising

A

skin appears black/blue

→ caused by clotted blood below skin’s surface

hematoma is a larger collection of blood under skin

30
Q

albinism

A

genetically inherited condition

→ not able to produce pigment melanin

31
Q

hair

A

also called pilus (pili)

functions to protect body and act as sensory organ

→ terminal refers to hair on head

→ vellus refers to hair on head

32
Q

hair follicle

A

mostly dead, keratinized cells

wall of hair follicle has 2 layers:

  1. connective sheath → outer layer, made of dermis tissue
  2. epithelial sheath → inner layer, made of epithelial tissue
33
Q

hair structure

A

bulb→ swelling in dermis where a hair originates (created by hair follicle)

root→ remaining area of hair within skin

shaft → remainder of hair that’s above skin’s surface

34
Q

hair structure

A

contains 3 concentric (circular) layers:

  1. medulla→ inner layer
  2. cortex→ middle layer
  3. cuticle→ outer layer

shape of hair determines texture of hair

circular shape = straight hair

oval shape = wavy hair

square shape = curly hair

35
Q

piloerector muscle (arrector pili)

A

smooth muscle that reacts to cold, fear, touch, and goosebumps by pulling hair follicle into upright position

36
Q

nails

A

clear, tightly packed, keratinized epidermal cells

function: keep meissner’s & pacinian corpuscles at right distance beneath epidermis in order to work properly, protection, pick up things, scratching

37
Q

burns

A

degree of burn tells you how many layers of integument are damaged

  1. first degree
  2. second degree
  3. third degree
38
Q

first degree burns

A

ONLY EPIDERMIS LAYER

REDDENED SKIN

39
Q

second degree burns

A

involves EPIDERMIS and PART OF DERMIS

BLISTERS will show up

40
Q

third degree burns

A

aka full thickness burn

involves EPIDERMIS, ALL of DERMIS, and commonly hypodermis, muscle, and/or bone

skin will be CHARRING

41
Q

what do burn treatments focus on?

A

fluid replacement & infection control

42
Q

what is the rule of nines?

A

a measurement system that determines % of whole body affected by burn injury

43
Q

pt. has burns on front of their chest, entire right arm, & half of right leg

A

9% chest + 9% entire R arm + 9% ½ of R leg

=

27% body affected

44
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

most common type of skin cancer

→ least malignant

→ arises from cells in stratum basale

→ usually seen in sun-exposed areas

→ grows very slowly & 99% of cases cured by surgical removal

45
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

2nd most common skin cancer

→ arises from keratinocytes in stratum spinosum layer

→ usually seen on head & hands

→ grows rapidly & metastasizes if not removed

46
Q

melanoma

A

least common but DEADLIEST

→ highly metastatic & resistant to chemotherapy

→ originates in melanocytes

→ must be removed to prevent spreading

→ ⅓ of cases come from moles, other ⅔ are spontaneous