Micronutrients (3) Flashcards
Dr. Shepherd
What are the micronutrient categories?
What are micronutrient requirements?
complete and balanced - meets all essential nutrient needs
in appropriate ratios
What are the micronutrient sources?
- diet
- gastrointestinal microorganisms
What are some gastrointestinal microorganisms for micronutrient sources?
B vitamins (herbivores)
vitamin K
What are some example supplemental micronutrients on an ingredient list?
T/F: No single simple effective test can determine a patient’s micronutrient status
TRUE - waste of money
What are examples of macro minerals?
calcium
phosphorus
sodium
chloride
magnesium
potassium
sulfur
What are some examples of micro minerals (trace minerals)?
zinc
copper
selenium
iodine
iron
manganese
molybdenum
cobalt
What are the minerals molecular structure?
- inorganic / elemental
- organic (bound to carbon-containing molecule)
Pathology?
nutritional hyperparathyroidism - secondary to an inverse dietary calcium:phosphorus ratio
What is the function of calcium?
- develop and maintenance of bones, teeth
- blood clotting
- muscle contraction
- cell signaling
What are examples of calcium deficiencies?
- decreased bone density
- milk fever
- eclampsia
- Ca:P ratio
What happens with phosphorus toxicity?
- bone loss
- nutritional hyperparathyroidism / nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
maybe chronic kidney disease
Hypochloridemia can occur secondary to ____
vomiting
Chloride is a strong _____ aka _____
anion, acidifier
What is a potassium deficiency?
hypokalemia can occur secondary to diuretics and CKD - can also result in toxicity
cardiac arrhythmias
What is grass tetany?
hypomagnesemia
Look at properties of magnesium
Look at properties of iron
Which deficiency results in poor skin and haircoat?
iodine
copper
zinc
vitamin A
Look at properties of iodine
What does copper deficiency look like?
coat discoloration (rust color)
What does a copper deficiency result in?
- anemia
- poor skin and haircoat**
What is copper hepatopathy?
copper toxicity - predisposed breeds, kidney disease in sheep
What are clinical signs of a zinc deficiency?
- poor skin and haircoat
- decreased appetite, weight loss
- decreased reproduction
- diarrhea
Look at properties of selenium
Look at properties of manganese
What are the cation micronutrients?
- potassium
- sodium
- magnesium
What are the anion micronutrients?
- chloride
- phosphorus
- sulfur
What are the mineral practical tips?
- do not supplement minerals on top of a complete and balanced pet food, unless there is a specific indication
- folks involved with pet food/large animal feed production should know what they are doing
- if you suspect a nutrient deficiency/toxicity, conduct a nutrition assessment, which includes evaluating the current diet and feeding management
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
D, E, A, K
What are the water soluble vitamins?
- cobalamin/B12
- folate
- niacin
- pyridoxine
- riboflavin
- thiamine
all vitamin B derivatives
What does vitamin A deficiency result in?
- poor appetite, weight loss
- decreased vision or blindness
- poor skin and haircoat
- decreased reproduction
What are the species differences with vitamin A?
dogs can convert carotenoids from plants to active vitamin A
cats CANNOT convert carotenoids thus need to obtain vitamin A from animal products
T/F: Dogs and cats can synthesize vitamin D
FALSE
Look at properties of vitamin D
Look at vitamin E
Look at vitamin K
produced by gut microbes!!
Look at thiamin
Look at riboflavin
Look at niacin (vitamin B3)
What is black tongue caused by?
niacin - oral ulcerations/inflammation
Look at pantothenic acid
Look at pyridoxine
Look at folic acid
Look at cobalamin
Look at vitamin C
Look at biotin
Deficiency of what results in alopecia, dermatitis, reduced pigment in which species?
biotin; cats
Look at choline
Vitamin summary
