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Feeds & Feedstuffs I (11) Flashcards

Dr. Kitts-Morgan

1
Q

What is energy in food derived from?

A

fat and carbohydrates

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2
Q

What are the main nutrient categories?

A
  • water
  • energy
  • protein
  • vitamins
  • minerals
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3
Q

When feeding animals water, what is it supplied from?

A
  • free drinking fresh water
  • water in feed - grass 90% water
  • metabolic water
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4
Q

When should fresh water be available? When is the exception?

A

should always be available except after hard exercise in horses

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5
Q

Water is usually based on ____

A

dry matter intake

more water needed for production situations like lactating cows

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6
Q

Energy is provided by carbohydrates, with subcatergories of ____

A

starch (grains)
hemicellulose (grass)
cellulose (grass)

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7
Q

What is TDN?

A

total digestible nutrients 0 related to digestible energy and is the sum of
- digestible crude fiber (CF)
- digestible crude protein (CP)
- digestible fat multiplied by the factor 2.25
- digestible nitrogen free extract

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8
Q

What is energy often measured in?

A
  • kilocalories - 1000 calories
  • megacalories (Mcal) = 1000 kcal
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9
Q

Protein in horses and other non-ruminant diets are generally referred to as _____

A

crude protein - non-essential and essential amino acids mix

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10
Q

How do you define protein in ruminants?

A

degradable intake protein

undegradable intake / bypass protein

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11
Q

What is degradable intake protein?

A

protein used by rumen microbes and transformed into microbial protein —> get nitrogen

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12
Q

What is undegradable intake protein (bypass protein)?

A
  • protein that remains undegraded through the rumen
  • will be available for digestion and absorption in the small intestine
  • important to help meet protein needs of high-producing dairy cattle
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13
Q

What is the purpose of proximate analysis of feedstuffs?

A

make legitimate comparisons between feedstuffs on nutrients they contain

by a series of heating and chemical extracts

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14
Q

Why is the dry matter content via measuring water content by oven drying so important in a proximate analysis on feedstuffs?

A
  • accurately calculate other nutrients
  • determine how much an animal will eat
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15
Q

What structural components of a plant provide fiber? What fibers?

A

stem, leaves

cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin from cell wall components —> resistant to mammalian enzymes

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16
Q

More leaves = [more/less digestible]. More stems = [more/less] digestible

A

More leaves = more digestible

More stems = less digestible

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17
Q

What are plant cell contents?

A

soluble cell components - proteins, sugars, starch

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18
Q

What are some examples of some sees high in starch?

A

corn, some high in fiber due to hull (seed coat) for some plants

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19
Q

What are ways to measure fiber?

A

measured and reported as CF, NDF, and ADF

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20
Q

What does crude fiber measure in LA nutrition?

A

most estimates indigestible portion —> digests everything except cellulose and lignin

not very accurate or reliable

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21
Q

What is NDF?

A

solubilizes cell contents

leaves hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

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22
Q

What is ADF?

A

leaves cellulose and lignin

estimates most indigestible portion

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23
Q

What does NDF predict?

A

voluntary intake because it provides bulk or fill - index of gut fill

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24
Q

What does ADF estimate?

A

inversely related to digestibility, so forages with low ADF concentrations are usually higher in energy

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25
High NDF and ADF = _____
less digestible and palatable
26
What is an ideal value for NDF in feed?
less than 40% - not likely to be eaten above 65%
27
Rank lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose from most to least digestible
most: hemicellulose then cellulose least: lignin
28
What is the relationship of ADF and digestibility?
cellulose varies in digestibility based on lignin content **as lignin increases, digestibility of cellulose decreases**
29
What is an ideal ADF value in feed?
30-35% above 45%, hay value starts to decrease
30
What are NSCs?
soluble components found in the plant's cell contents (storage energy) consists of simple sugars, starch, organic acids can be digested by endogenous enzymes like amylase
31
NSCs are usually high in [hays/grains]
grains
32
What happens to NDF and ADF as a pasture grass matures?
both increase
33
What are the components of forages (roughages)?
high in structural carbohydrates like cellulose and low in energy **>18% CF** subdivided into **carbonaceous** and **proteinaceous**
34
What are carbonaceous forages?
non-legume forages such as grasses
35
What are proteinaceous forages?
legumes - higher in calcium and protein alfalfa, clovers
36
T/F: All nutrients decreases (particularly energy and protein) and fiber increases as forages mature
TRUE
37
What are the characteristics of Bermuda grass?
becomes very fibrous when over-mature spreads through rhizomes and stolons
38
Which ryegrass can lead to ryegrass staggers or facial eczema?
perennial ryegrass
39
What are ryegrass staggers?
fungal endophyte in seed head produces toxins (peramine, lolitrem B)
40
What is facial eczema caused by **perennial** ryegrass?
saprophytic fungus growing on dead plants produces sporidesmis (mycotoxin) = photosensitization
41
What is annual ryegrass toxicosis?
seed head can be infected (yellow slime) by seed gall nematode, and nematode is infected any a seed gall bacteria which produces corynetoxin high stepping gaits, convulsions, lots of CNS signs
42
What are the characteristics of smooth bromegrass?
43
Which type of fescue has no alkaloids and no resistance to drought or pests (aka not good in the South)?
EF fescue
44
What is TE fescue?
toxic "wild" endophyte fescue produces toxic **alkaloids**, endophyte gives drought resistance
45
What is EF fescue?
endophyte-free fescue - no alkaloids - no resistance to drought or pests
46
What is NE fescue?
strains of endophyte, no alkaloids, do have resistance
47
What is the problem with TE fescue?
endophyte produces **ergot alkaloids** - vasoconstriction - hypersensitivity - impaired heat stress recognition
48
What is the problem with ergot alkaloids in mares?
prolonged gestation, weak foals, abortion, agalactia
49
What are the characteristics of timothy grass?
important hay grass and good for horses, often grown along with another grass like orchardgrass
50
What are the characteristics of orchardgrass?
51
What are legumes? Give examples
able to fix their own nitrogen using bacteria associated with their roots soybeans, alfalfa, clovers, green beans, peas, lentils
52
What is the nutritional profile of legumes?
higher mineral content, especially **calcium**
53
What are the problems with alfalfa?
bloat in cattle if grazed blister beetle toxicity in horses if baled in certain regions - **cantharidin**
54
Which clover is high in coumarin which converted by molds to dicoumarol?
sweet clover
55
What is the problem with sweet clover?
mold converts coumarin to dicoumarol dicoumarol is anti-vitamin K and interferes with blood clotting
56
What forage may cause prolonged gestation and/or agalactia in mares?
TE fescue
57
What is the problem with red clover?
red clover slobbers - rust-colored mold on leaves produces slaframine - causes excessive slobbering in horses
58
What is alsike clover poisoning?
unknown toxin - acute and chronic poisonings
59
Differentiate between acute and chronic poisoning regarding alsike clover
acute: causes photosensitization in horses chronic: causes liver failure accompanied by neurological impairment in horses
60
What is the problem with white clover?
contains cyanogenic glycosides that can produce HCN = thiocyanate inhibit binding of iodine in thyroid gland
61
What is forbs?
any low growing broadleaf plant that commonly grows with grass plants goats will readily consume many of the forms growing in pasture situations during various periods of the year

Nutrition (16 decks)

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