Feeds & Feedstuffs II (12) Flashcards by Abbie Chase

Q

What are methods of utilizing forages?

A

pasture
hay
silage, haylage, bale age

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

How do you manage pastures?

A

monitor quality and growth
use paddocks/rotational grazing
manage with mowing, fertilization, or herbicides
proper stocking rate

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are pasture concerns?

A

poisonous plants
bloat - risk on legume pasture due to lush plant material (highly soluble nutrients)
nitrate poisoning - accumulation after drought or fertilized forages

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

How does nitrate poisoning occur regarding pastures?

A

accumulation after drought or fertilized forages

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are ways to harvest roughages?

A

green chop
silage
haylage
baleage
hay
mold

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is green chop?

A

moisture of >80%

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are the contents of silage?

A

high moisture or direct-cut have > 70% moisture

wilted have 60-70% moisture

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are haylage components?

A

low moisture have 60-70% moisture

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are baleage components?

A

baled at high moisture content (50-60%)

stored in sealed plastic wrap

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are hay components?

A

baled at 15-20% moisture

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are preserved long fibers?

A

hay
haylage/baleage

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are preserved short fibers?

A

silages have greater moisture than haylage

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are the moisture requirements for hay?

A

15-20%

whole plant cut and raked, baled in various forms and sizes, usually round or square

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is the risk of fire regarding moisture content?

A

> 20%

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are hay losses?

A

leaf shatter
heat damage above 120 F, nutrient loss occur

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What does bleached hay lose?

A

vitamin A

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are the additives in haymaking?

A

propionic acid, formic acid

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

How can you treat low quality hay to improve protein and energy content?

A

anhydrous ammonia: dissolves some lignin (make cellulose more available, more digestible)

high nitrogen content

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is the ideal moisture range when baling dry hay?*

A

15-20%

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is dried and processed hay?

A

cubes and pellets
can use alfalfa or grasses
ground and dried
higher quality, more consistent, more expensive

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

How do you harvest silage/haylage/baleage?

A

product of controlled fermentation of green roughages retaining high moisture content

fermentation of sugars to organic acids, primarily LACTIC ACID, exhausts O2

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

How is feed stored?

A

fermentation under anaerobic conditions

types of silos: upright, horizontal

Q

What is the target for fermentation and storage?

A

50-70%

Q

What is Penn State Forage Particle Separator?

A

separates components of silage based on particle size

indicator of quality as particle size determines rate of fermentation, digestibility of silage, and rumination

What is the process of fermentation for feed?

plant cells continue to respire after cutting - **mold inhibited due to lack of oxygen**

What pH prevents bacterial growth and further fermentation as long as there is **no oxygen**?

lowered pH prevents bacterial growth and further fermentation

What are classifications of concentrate feeds?

- oilseeds - cereal grains

What part of concentrate feed provides protein?

oilseeds

What part of concentrate feed provides energy?

cereal grains

What are the components of oilseeds?

What is the remaining residue after oil extraction high in?

protein

What kind of legume must be heat-treated before feeding? Why?

contains trypsin inhibitors, storage proteins that cause allergic reactions, lectins and phytoestrogens

Soybeans are used to supplement what?

protein supplement, particularly for swine and poultry

What are the characteristics of gossypol?

What are the caveats of gossypol?

free form is toxic - greatest in swine, then poultry, then pre-ruminants, and immature ruminants

Which group is generally not susceptible to gossypol?

mature ruminants

What can be protective against gossypol toxicity?

iron salts and high protein, heat and processing can inactivate

What are the characteristics of rapeseed/canola?

What are the characteristics of cereal grains?

high in energy - includes seeds from grasses - **high in starch**

What is the gold standard cereal grain regarding the level of energy?

corn

T/F: Cereal grains shouldn't be included in diets that require more energy

FALSE

What are the characteristics of corn?

low CP, lysine, and tryptophan are limiting - essential amino acids

What needs processing to be well-utilized by animals?

corn

What is the most common protein supplement fed to swine and poultry?

soybean oil

How do you process sorghum so it can be eaten?

tannin in outer layer react with enzymes in GIT to reduce digestibility - must heat-treat

What are the downsides to wheat? What should you limit it to?

risk of acidosis in cattle because highly fermentable starch limit to 50% of grain intake

What are the characteristics of barley & oats?

What are grain by-products?

- brewer's and distiller's grains - distiller's grains - brewer's grains

What is a palatable, soluble fiber and is a good energy source, particularly for horses?

beet pulp

What are characteristics of beet pulp?

What is the purpose of molasses?

reduce dust, binding agent

T/F: You should not feed meat and bone meal to ruminants

TRUE - cannot be fed to ruminants due to risk of BSE

What is the purpose of oil and fats?

reduces dust