Macronutrients (2) Flashcards
Dr. Shepherd
What does complete and balanced mean?
meets all essential nutrient needs and in appropriate ratios
- essential vs. non-essential vs. conditionally essential
What are the nutrient categories?
- water
- macronutrients
- micronutrients
Protein is a source of essential _______
amino acids
Lipid/fat is a source of essential _______
fatty acids
What do macronutrients do?
source of energy (calories)
How is ATP generated via macronutrients?
anaerobic: carbohydrates
aerobic: protein, lipid, carbohydrate
Do protein, lipids/fats, and carbohydrates yield the same amount of energy?
NO - lipids
What is the purpose of protein?
- muscle
- hormones
- enzymes
- plasma oncotic pressure
- acid/base balabce
- energy substrate
What is crude protein?
crude protein = nitrogen% x 6.25
- does not differentiate amino acid vs non amino acid nitrogen
What is a good quality protein?
- rich in essential amino acids
- highly digestible and bioavailable
Can plants be a good source of protein?
- grains (gluten)
- legumes (e.g. soy, lentils)
Are plants a good source of protein for carnivores?
tricky - requires careful formulation with complimentary protein sources or added amino acids
How can you tell if protein (especially essential amino acids) intake is adequate?
- muscle condition score
- serum albumin
- compare current diet requirements
What is the purpose of lipids/fat?
- energy substrate (aerobic)
- lipid membranes
- fat-soluble vitamin absorption
- neurological and retinal development
What are the 3 types of lipids?
- triglycerides: glycerol, 3 fatty acids
- phospholipids
- free fatty acids
What is the most important fatty acid type?
polyunsaturated - all essential fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids
What is omega-6?
1st double bond at the 6th carbon from the methyl end
- linoleic acid
- arachidonic acid `
What is omega-3?
1st double bond at the 3rd carbon from the methyl end
- ALA
- EPA, DHA
- anti-inflammatory
Look at fatty acids?
all essential fatty acids are long-chain (13-21 carbons)
What are the essential fatty acids?
long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
What are the essential fatty acid requirements for dogs?
- linoleic acid
- alpha linolenic acid
- EPA & DHA
What are the essential fatty acid requirements for cats?
- linoleic acid
- arachidonic acid
- EPA & DHA
How are lipids absorbed and transported to different tissue?
lipoproteins
What are fatty acid sources?
- plants
- animal tissue
What are fatty acid sources - plant?
leaves - alpha linolenic acid (ALA)
grain/seed - linoleic acid (LA), ALA
What are fatty acid sources - animal tissues?
- arachidonic acid
- EPA & DHA
- variable, dependent on animal and diet
What are sources of lipids?
- vegetable oils and poultry fat
- mammal fats
- fish/marine sources
How can you tell if essential fatty acid intake is adequate?
skin and coat
How do you classify carbohydrates?
- fiber vs non-fiber
- by molecular structure, specifically number of monosaccharide units
- complexity
- solubility
- fermentability
- viscosity
What is the difference between non-fiber carbohydrates and fiver carbohydrates by structure?
non-fiber carbohydrates: 1,4 linkage of alpha glucose monomers, all monomers in the same direction
fiber carbohydrates: 1, 4 linkage of beta glucose monomers; upside down with respect to its neighbors
What is a key polysaccharide?
starch
What is an example of an oligosaccharide?
fructooligosaccarides
What is an example of a polysaccharide?
cellulose
What do non-fiver carbohydrates do?
- supply dietary energy
- euglycemia
- lactose
- glycogen
- glycoprotein
What do fiber carbohydrates do?
- GI health
- regulate glucose absorption
- reduce energy density
- satiety
What is special about dietary fiber?
immune function
What else do carbohydrates do?
balances protein and fat in the diet
What are sources of carbohydrates?
- grains
- vegetables
- fruits
- whole/modified/purified
What are the protein, lipid, and carbohydrate sources in this food?
How might fiber be represented on a food label or nutrient analysis?
- crude fiber
- total dietary fiber
- neutral detergent fiber
- acid detergent fiber
How might non-fiber be represented on a food label or nutrient analysis?
How do you quantify fiber?
