Macronutrients (2)

Question 1

What does complete and balanced mean?

Answer 1

meets all essential nutrient needs and in appropriate ratios

• essential vs. non-essential vs. conditionally essential

Question 2

What are the nutrient categories?

Answer 2

• water
• macronutrients
• micronutrients

Question 3

Protein is a source of essential _______

Answer 3

amino acids

Question 4

Lipid/fat is a source of essential _______

Answer 4

fatty acids

Question 5

What do macronutrients do?

Answer 5

source of energy (calories)

Question 6

How is ATP generated via macronutrients?

Answer 6

anaerobic: carbohydrates

aerobic: protein, lipid, carbohydrate

Question 6

Do protein, lipids/fats, and carbohydrates yield the same amount of energy?

Answer 6

NO - lipids

Question 6

What is the purpose of protein?

Answer 6

• muscle
• hormones
• enzymes
• plasma oncotic pressure
• acid/base balabce
• energy substrate

Question 6

What is crude protein?

Answer 6

crude protein = nitrogen% x 6.25

• does not differentiate amino acid vs non amino acid nitrogen

Question 7

What is a good quality protein?

Answer 7

• rich in essential amino acids
• highly digestible and bioavailable

Question 8

Can plants be a good source of protein?

Answer 8

• grains (gluten)
• legumes (e.g. soy, lentils)

Question 9

Are plants a good source of protein for carnivores?

Answer 9

tricky - requires careful formulation with complimentary protein sources or added amino acids

Question 10

How can you tell if protein (especially essential amino acids) intake is adequate?

Answer 10

• muscle condition score
• serum albumin
• compare current diet requirements

Question 11

What is the purpose of lipids/fat?

Answer 11

• energy substrate (aerobic)
• lipid membranes
• fat-soluble vitamin absorption
• neurological and retinal development

Question 12

What are the 3 types of lipids?

Answer 12

• triglycerides: glycerol, 3 fatty acids
• phospholipids
• free fatty acids

Question 13

What is the most important fatty acid type?

Answer 13

polyunsaturated - all essential fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids

Question 14

What is omega-6?

Answer 14

1st double bond at the 6th carbon from the methyl end
- linoleic acid
- arachidonic acid `

Question 15

What is omega-3?

Answer 15

1st double bond at the 3rd carbon from the methyl end
- ALA
- EPA, DHA
- anti-inflammatory

Question 16

Look at fatty acids?

Answer 16

all essential fatty acids are long-chain (13-21 carbons)

Question 17

What are the essential fatty acids?

Answer 17

long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

Question 18

What are the essential fatty acid requirements for dogs?

Answer 18

• linoleic acid
• alpha linolenic acid
• EPA & DHA

Question 19

What are the essential fatty acid requirements for cats?

Answer 19

• linoleic acid
• arachidonic acid
• EPA & DHA

Question 20

How are lipids absorbed and transported to different tissue?

Answer 20

lipoproteins

Question 21

What are fatty acid sources?

Answer 21

• plants
• animal tissue

Question 22

What are fatty acid sources - plant?

Answer 22

leaves - alpha linolenic acid (ALA) grain/seed - linoleic acid (LA), ALA

Question 23

What are fatty acid sources - animal tissues?

Answer 23

- arachidonic acid - EPA & DHA - variable, dependent on animal and diet

Question 24

What are sources of lipids?

Answer 24

- vegetable oils and poultry fat - mammal fats - fish/marine sources

Question 25

How can you tell if essential fatty acid intake is adequate?

Answer 25

**skin and coat**

Question 26

How do you classify carbohydrates?

Answer 26

- fiber vs non-fiber - by molecular structure, specifically number of monosaccharide units - complexity - solubility - fermentability - viscosity

Question 27

What is the difference between non-fiber carbohydrates and fiver carbohydrates by structure?

Answer 27

non-fiber carbohydrates: 1,4 linkage of alpha glucose monomers, all monomers in the same direction fiber carbohydrates: 1, 4 linkage of beta glucose monomers; upside down with respect to its neighbors

Question 28

What is a key polysaccharide?

Answer 28

starch

Question 29

What is an example of an oligosaccharide?

Answer 29

fructooligosaccarides

Question 30

What is an example of a polysaccharide?

Answer 30

cellulose

Question 31

What do non-fiver carbohydrates do?

Answer 31

- supply dietary energy - euglycemia - lactose - glycogen - glycoprotein

Question 32

What do fiber carbohydrates do?

Answer 32

- GI health - regulate glucose absorption - reduce energy density - satiety

Question 33

What is special about dietary fiber?

Answer 33

immune function

Question 34

What else do carbohydrates do?

Answer 34

balances protein and fat in the diet

Question 35

What are sources of carbohydrates?

Answer 35

- grains - vegetables - fruits - whole/modified/purified

Question 36

What are the protein, lipid, and carbohydrate sources in this food?

Answer 36

Question 37

How might fiber be represented on a food label or nutrient analysis?

Answer 37

- crude fiber - total dietary fiber - neutral detergent fiber - acid detergent fiber

Question 38

How might non-fiber be represented on a food label or nutrient analysis?

Answer 38

Question 39

How do you quantify fiber?

Answer 39