MICROBIOLOGY- PARASITOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
What three protozoa cause GI infections?
A
1) Giardia lamblia
2) Entamoeba histolytica
3) Cryptosporidium
2
Q
What disease is associated with Giardia lamblia?
A
Giardiasis
3
Q
What are the symptoms of Giardiasis?
A
- Bloating
- Flatulence
- Fatty/ foul-smelling diarrhea
4
Q
What is Giardia lamblia infection associated with?
A
Campers/hiking
5
Q
How is Giardia lamblia transmitted?
A
Cysts in water
6
Q
How is Giardia lamblia infection diagnosed?
A
Trophozoites or cysts in stool
7
Q
What is the treatment for Giardia lamblia?
A
Metronidazole
8
Q
What disease is caused by Entamoeba histolytica?
A
Amebiasis
9
Q
What is the presentation of Amebiasis?
A
- Bloody diarrhea
- RUQ pain
- Liver abscess
10
Q
How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted?
A
Cysts in water
11
Q
How is Entamoeba histolytica infection diagnosed?
A
Microscopy showing RBCs in cytoplasm of trophozoites
12
Q
How is Entamoeba histolytica infection treated?
A
Metronidazole
13
Q
What does Cryptosporidium infection cause?
A
- Mild diarrhea in immunocompetent
- Severe diarrhea in AIDS
14
Q
How is Cryptosporidium infection transmitted?
A
Oocysts in water
15
Q
How is Cryptosporidium infection diagnosed?
A
Oocysts on acid fast stain
16
Q
How is Cryptosporidium infection treated?
A
Nitazoxanide
17
Q
What protozoal infection is a STD?
A
Trichomonas vaginalis
18
Q
What is the presentation of Trichomonas vaginitis?
A
Foul smelling green discharge with itching and burning
19
Q
How is Trichomonas vaginitis diagnosed?
A
- Trophozoites on wet mount
- Strawberry cervix
20
Q
How is Trichomonas treated?
A
Metronidazole
21
Q
What are the three protozoa that cause CNS infections?
A
1) Toxoplasma gondii
2) Naegleria fowleri
3) Trypanosoma brucei
22
Q
What is Toxoplasma gondii associated with?
A
Brain abscesses in HIV
23
Q
What finding is seen on imaging that suggest Toxoplasma gondii infection?
A
Ring-enhancing brain lesions
24
Q
How is Toxoplasma gondii transmitted?
A
Cysts in meat or oocysts in cat feces
Note that Toxoplasma gondii can cross the placenta–this is why pregnant women are instructed to avoid cat feces
25
How is Toxoplasma gondii diagnosed?
- Serology
| - Biopsy
26
How is Toxoplasma gondii treated?
asdf
27
What is Naegleria fowleri associated with?
Swimming in freshwater lakes
28
How does Naegleria fowleri enter the body?
Cribiriform plate
29
What does Naegleria fowleri infection cause?
Fatal meningoencephalitis
30
How is Naegleria fowleri infection diagnosed?
Amoebas in spinal fluid
31
How is Naegleria fowleri treated?
asdf
32
What disease does Trypanosoma brucei cause?
African Sleeping Sickness
33
What are the symptoms of African Sleeping Sickness?
- LAD
- Recurring fever (antigenic variation)
- Solnolence
- Coma
34
How is Trypanosoma brucei infection transmitted?
Tsetse fly bite--PAINFUL
35
How is Trypanosoma brucei infection diagnosed?
Blood smear
36
How is Trypanosoma brucei infection treated?
asdf
37
What type of organism is Pneumocystis jirvecii?
Yeast
38
How is Pneumocystis jirvecii transmitted?
Inhaled
39
What does Pneumocystis jirvecii infection cause?
Diffuse interstitial pneumonia, especially in AIDS patients
40
How is Pneumocystis jirvecii infection diagnosed?
Lung biopsy or lavage showing disc-shaped yeast forms on METHENAMINE SILVER staub
41
How is Pneumocystis jirvecii treated?
asdf
42
When is prophylaxis started for Pneumocystis jirvecii in AIDS patients?
CD4+ T-cell counts less than 200
43
What organisms cause Malaria?
Plasmodium
- Vivax/ ovale
- Falciparum
- Malariae
44
What is the fever cycle in the different Malaria species?
- Vivax/ ovale= 48 hours
- Falciparum= roughly 36 hours
- Malariae= 72 hours
45
What is the vector for malaria?
Anopheles mosquito
46
How is malaria diagnosed?
Blood smear
47
How is Malaria treated?
asdf
48
What disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi?
Chagas Disease
49
What are the symptoms of Chagas Disease?
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Megacolon
- Megaesophagus (achalasia)
50
What is the vector for Chagas Disease?
Reduviid bug--feces are deposited in skin by a PAINLESS bite
51
How is Chagas Disease diagnosed?
Blood smear
52
How is Chagas Disease treated?
Benzidazole or Nifurtimox
53
What disease is caused by Leishmania donovani?
Visceral Leishmaniasis
54
What are the symptoms of Visceral Leishmaniasis?
- Spiking fever
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- Pancytopenia
55
How is Leishmania donovani transmitted?
Sandflys
56
How is Leishmania donovani diagnosed?
Macrophages containing amastigotes
57
How is Leishmania donovani infection treated?
Amphotericin B
58
What is the difference between a Nematode, Cestode, and Trematode?
```
Nematode= roundworm
Cestode= tapeworm
Trematode= fluke
```
59
What are the nematodes that cause intestinal infection?
1) Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
2) Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
3) Strongyloides stercoralis
4) Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
5) Necator americanus (hookworm)
60
What are the nematodes that cause tissue infection?
1) Ochocerca volvulus
2) Loa loa
3) Wuchereria bancrofti
4) Toxocara canis
61
What nematode infection is associated with anal pruritus?
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
62
What nematode infections are associated with anemia?
1) Ancylostoma duodenale
2) Necator americanus
*Both are hookworms that are transmitted via larval penetration of the skin
63
What does Onchocerca volvulus infection cause?
- River blindness
| - Hyperpigmented skin
64
How is Onchocerca volvulus transmitted?
Female blackfly bite
65
What is the mnemonic to remember the important features of Onchocerca volvulus infection?
Black fly, Black skin, Black sight
66
What is Loa loa infection associated with?
Worms in the conjunctiva
67
How is Loa loa transmitted?
Flies:
- Deer fly
- Horse fly
- Mango fly
68
What disease does Wuchereria bancrofti cause?
Elephantiasis
69
How is Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted?
Bite from a female mosquito
70
What does Toxocara canis infection cause?
Visceral larva migrans
71
How is Toxocara canis transmitted?
Fecal-oral
72
How is Onchocerra volvulus infection treated?
Ivermectin
73
What is the mnemonic used to remember how Onchocerra volvulus is treated?
Onchocerra volvulus caused rIVER blindness, which is treated with IVERmectin
74
How is Loa Loa infection treated?
Diethylcarbamazine
75
How is Wucheria bancrofti infection treated?
Diethylcarbamazine
76
How is Toxocara canis infection treated?
Albendazole or mebendazole
77
What is the mnemonic to remember the ingested nematode infections?
If you EAT these you'll get sick:
- E= Enterobius
- A= Ascaris
- T= Toxocara
78
What is the mnemonic to remember the cutaneously transmitted nematode infections?
These get into your feet from the SANd
- S= Strongyloides
- A= Ancylostoma
- N= Necator
79
What is the mnemonic to remember the nematode infections transmitted via a bite?
Lay LOW to avoid getting bitten
- L= Loa loa
- O= Onchocera volvulus
- W= Wchereria bancrofti
80
What are Cestodes?
Tapeworms
81
List the Cestodes.
1) Taenia solium
2) Diphyllobothrium latum
3) Echinococcus granulosus
82
What is the colloquial name for Taenia solium?
Pork tapeworm
83
What are the different infections caused by Taenia solium?
- Intestinal infection= ingestion of encysted larvae from undercooked pork
- Disseminated and "neurocysticercosis"= ingestion of eggs
84
How is intestinal Taenia solium infection treated?
Praziquantel
85
How is Neurocysticerosis treated?
Albendazole
86
What is the colloquial name for Diphyllobothrium latum?
Fish tapeworm
87
How is Diphyllobothrium latum infection transmitted?
Ingestion of larvae from freshwater fish
88
What does Diphyllobothrium latum infection cause?
Vitamin B12 deficiency leading to megaloblastic anemia
89
How is Diphyllobothrium latum infection treated?
Praziquantel
90
What is the colloquial name for Echinococcus granulosus?
Dog tapeworm
91
How is Echinococcus granulosus transmitted?
Ingestion of eggs from dog feces
92
What does Echinococcus granulosus infection lead to?
Development of "hyatid cysts" in the liver
93
What is an important complication of Echinococcus granulosus to be aware of?
Removal of hyatid cysts can release antigens that cause anaphylaxis
94
How is Echinococcus granulosus treated?
Albendazole
95
What are Trematodes?
Flukes
96
List the Trematodes.
1) Schistosoma
| 2) Clonorchis sinensis
97
How is Schistosoma transmitted?
- Snail host
| - Cercariae (larval form) penetrate the skin
98
What disease is caused by Schistosoma?
Liver and spleen granulomas leading to:
- Inflammation
- Fibrosis
99
What cancer is associated with Schistosoma?
Sqamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
100
How does SCC of the bladder present?
Painless hematuria
101
How is Schistosoma treated?
Praziquantel
102
How is Clonorchis sinensis transmitted?
Undercooked fish
103
What does Clonorchis sinensis cause?
Biliary tract inflammation and pigmented gallstones
104
What cancer is Clonorchis sinensis associated with?
Cholangiocarcinoma
105
How is Clonorchis sinensis infection treated?
Praziquantel
