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First Aid 2014 > MICROBIOLOGY- PARASITOLOGY > Flashcards

MICROBIOLOGY- PARASITOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What three protozoa cause GI infections?

A

1) Giardia lamblia
2) Entamoeba histolytica
3) Cryptosporidium

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2
Q

What disease is associated with Giardia lamblia?

A

Giardiasis

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of Giardiasis?

A
  • Bloating
  • Flatulence
  • Fatty/ foul-smelling diarrhea
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4
Q

What is Giardia lamblia infection associated with?

A

Campers/hiking

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5
Q

How is Giardia lamblia transmitted?

A

Cysts in water

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6
Q

How is Giardia lamblia infection diagnosed?

A

Trophozoites or cysts in stool

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7
Q

What is the treatment for Giardia lamblia?

A

Metronidazole

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8
Q

What disease is caused by Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Amebiasis

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9
Q

What is the presentation of Amebiasis?

A
  • Bloody diarrhea
  • RUQ pain
  • Liver abscess
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10
Q

How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted?

A

Cysts in water

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11
Q

How is Entamoeba histolytica infection diagnosed?

A

Microscopy showing RBCs in cytoplasm of trophozoites

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12
Q

How is Entamoeba histolytica infection treated?

A

Metronidazole

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13
Q

What does Cryptosporidium infection cause?

A
  • Mild diarrhea in immunocompetent

- Severe diarrhea in AIDS

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14
Q

How is Cryptosporidium infection transmitted?

A

Oocysts in water

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15
Q

How is Cryptosporidium infection diagnosed?

A

Oocysts on acid fast stain

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16
Q

How is Cryptosporidium infection treated?

A

Nitazoxanide

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17
Q

What protozoal infection is a STD?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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18
Q

What is the presentation of Trichomonas vaginitis?

A

Foul smelling green discharge with itching and burning

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19
Q

How is Trichomonas vaginitis diagnosed?

A
  • Trophozoites on wet mount

- Strawberry cervix

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20
Q

How is Trichomonas treated?

A

Metronidazole

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21
Q

What are the three protozoa that cause CNS infections?

A

1) Toxoplasma gondii
2) Naegleria fowleri
3) Trypanosoma brucei

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22
Q

What is Toxoplasma gondii associated with?

A

Brain abscesses in HIV

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23
Q

What finding is seen on imaging that suggest Toxoplasma gondii infection?

A

Ring-enhancing brain lesions

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24
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii transmitted?

A

Cysts in meat or oocysts in cat feces

Note that Toxoplasma gondii can cross the placenta–this is why pregnant women are instructed to avoid cat feces

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25
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii diagnosed?

A
  • Serology

- Biopsy

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26
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii treated?

A

asdf

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27
Q

What is Naegleria fowleri associated with?

A

Swimming in freshwater lakes

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28
Q

How does Naegleria fowleri enter the body?

A

Cribiriform plate

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29
Q

What does Naegleria fowleri infection cause?

A

Fatal meningoencephalitis

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30
Q

How is Naegleria fowleri infection diagnosed?

A

Amoebas in spinal fluid

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31
Q

How is Naegleria fowleri treated?

A

asdf

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32
Q

What disease does Trypanosoma brucei cause?

A

African Sleeping Sickness

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33
Q

What are the symptoms of African Sleeping Sickness?

A
  • LAD
  • Recurring fever (antigenic variation)
  • Solnolence
  • Coma
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34
Q

How is Trypanosoma brucei infection transmitted?

A

Tsetse fly bite–PAINFUL

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35
Q

How is Trypanosoma brucei infection diagnosed?

A

Blood smear

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36
Q

How is Trypanosoma brucei infection treated?

A

asdf

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37
Q

What type of organism is Pneumocystis jirvecii?

A

Yeast

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38
Q

How is Pneumocystis jirvecii transmitted?

A

Inhaled

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39
Q

What does Pneumocystis jirvecii infection cause?

A

Diffuse interstitial pneumonia, especially in AIDS patients

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40
Q

How is Pneumocystis jirvecii infection diagnosed?

A

Lung biopsy or lavage showing disc-shaped yeast forms on METHENAMINE SILVER staub

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41
Q

How is Pneumocystis jirvecii treated?

A

asdf

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42
Q

When is prophylaxis started for Pneumocystis jirvecii in AIDS patients?

A

CD4+ T-cell counts less than 200

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43
Q

What organisms cause Malaria?

A

Plasmodium

  • Vivax/ ovale
  • Falciparum
  • Malariae
44
Q

What is the fever cycle in the different Malaria species?

A
  • Vivax/ ovale= 48 hours
  • Falciparum= roughly 36 hours
  • Malariae= 72 hours
45
Q

What is the vector for malaria?

A

Anopheles mosquito

46
Q

How is malaria diagnosed?

A

Blood smear

47
Q

How is Malaria treated?

A

asdf

48
Q

What disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Chagas Disease

49
Q

What are the symptoms of Chagas Disease?

A
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy
  • Megacolon
  • Megaesophagus (achalasia)
50
Q

What is the vector for Chagas Disease?

A

Reduviid bug–feces are deposited in skin by a PAINLESS bite

51
Q

How is Chagas Disease diagnosed?

A

Blood smear

52
Q

How is Chagas Disease treated?

A

Benzidazole or Nifurtimox

53
Q

What disease is caused by Leishmania donovani?

A

Visceral Leishmaniasis

54
Q

What are the symptoms of Visceral Leishmaniasis?

A
  • Spiking fever
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Pancytopenia
55
Q

How is Leishmania donovani transmitted?

A

Sandflys

56
Q

How is Leishmania donovani diagnosed?

A

Macrophages containing amastigotes

57
Q

How is Leishmania donovani infection treated?

A

Amphotericin B

58
Q

What is the difference between a Nematode, Cestode, and Trematode?

A 
Nematode= roundworm 
Cestode= tapeworm 
Trematode= fluke
59
Q

What are the nematodes that cause intestinal infection?

A

1) Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
2) Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
3) Strongyloides stercoralis
4) Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
5) Necator americanus (hookworm)

60
Q

What are the nematodes that cause tissue infection?

A

1) Ochocerca volvulus
2) Loa loa
3) Wuchereria bancrofti
4) Toxocara canis

61
Q

What nematode infection is associated with anal pruritus?

A

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

62
Q

What nematode infections are associated with anemia?

A

1) Ancylostoma duodenale
2) Necator americanus

*Both are hookworms that are transmitted via larval penetration of the skin

63
Q

What does Onchocerca volvulus infection cause?

A
  • River blindness

- Hyperpigmented skin

64
Q

How is Onchocerca volvulus transmitted?

A

Female blackfly bite

65
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the important features of Onchocerca volvulus infection?

A

Black fly, Black skin, Black sight

66
Q

What is Loa loa infection associated with?

A

Worms in the conjunctiva

67
Q

How is Loa loa transmitted?

A

Flies:

  • Deer fly
  • Horse fly
  • Mango fly
68
Q

What disease does Wuchereria bancrofti cause?

A

Elephantiasis

69
Q

How is Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted?

A

Bite from a female mosquito

70
Q

What does Toxocara canis infection cause?

A

Visceral larva migrans

71
Q

How is Toxocara canis transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

72
Q

How is Onchocerra volvulus infection treated?

A

Ivermectin

73
Q

What is the mnemonic used to remember how Onchocerra volvulus is treated?

A

Onchocerra volvulus caused rIVER blindness, which is treated with IVERmectin

74
Q

How is Loa Loa infection treated?

A

Diethylcarbamazine

75
Q

How is Wucheria bancrofti infection treated?

A

Diethylcarbamazine

76
Q

How is Toxocara canis infection treated?

A

Albendazole or mebendazole

77
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the ingested nematode infections?

A

If you EAT these you’ll get sick:

  • E= Enterobius
  • A= Ascaris
  • T= Toxocara
78
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the cutaneously transmitted nematode infections?

A

These get into your feet from the SANd

  • S= Strongyloides
  • A= Ancylostoma
  • N= Necator
79
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the nematode infections transmitted via a bite?

A

Lay LOW to avoid getting bitten

  • L= Loa loa
  • O= Onchocera volvulus
  • W= Wchereria bancrofti
80
Q

What are Cestodes?

A

Tapeworms

81
Q

List the Cestodes.

A

1) Taenia solium
2) Diphyllobothrium latum
3) Echinococcus granulosus

82
Q

What is the colloquial name for Taenia solium?

A

Pork tapeworm

83
Q

What are the different infections caused by Taenia solium?

A
  • Intestinal infection= ingestion of encysted larvae from undercooked pork
  • Disseminated and “neurocysticercosis”= ingestion of eggs
84
Q

How is intestinal Taenia solium infection treated?

A

Praziquantel

85
Q

How is Neurocysticerosis treated?

A

Albendazole

86
Q

What is the colloquial name for Diphyllobothrium latum?

A

Fish tapeworm

87
Q

How is Diphyllobothrium latum infection transmitted?

A

Ingestion of larvae from freshwater fish

88
Q

What does Diphyllobothrium latum infection cause?

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency leading to megaloblastic anemia

89
Q

How is Diphyllobothrium latum infection treated?

A

Praziquantel

90
Q

What is the colloquial name for Echinococcus granulosus?

A

Dog tapeworm

91
Q

How is Echinococcus granulosus transmitted?

A

Ingestion of eggs from dog feces

92
Q

What does Echinococcus granulosus infection lead to?

A

Development of “hyatid cysts” in the liver

93
Q

What is an important complication of Echinococcus granulosus to be aware of?

A

Removal of hyatid cysts can release antigens that cause anaphylaxis

94
Q

How is Echinococcus granulosus treated?

A

Albendazole

95
Q

What are Trematodes?

A

Flukes

96
Q

List the Trematodes.

A

1) Schistosoma

2) Clonorchis sinensis

97
Q

How is Schistosoma transmitted?

A
  • Snail host

- Cercariae (larval form) penetrate the skin

98
Q

What disease is caused by Schistosoma?

A

Liver and spleen granulomas leading to:

  • Inflammation
  • Fibrosis
99
Q

What cancer is associated with Schistosoma?

A

Sqamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

100
Q

How does SCC of the bladder present?

A

Painless hematuria

101
Q

How is Schistosoma treated?

A

Praziquantel

102
Q

How is Clonorchis sinensis transmitted?

A

Undercooked fish

103
Q

What does Clonorchis sinensis cause?

A

Biliary tract inflammation and pigmented gallstones

104
Q

What cancer is Clonorchis sinensis associated with?

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

105
Q

How is Clonorchis sinensis infection treated?

A

Praziquantel

First Aid 2014 (8 decks)

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