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First Aid 2014 > CARDIOVASCULAR- EMBRYOLOGY > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR- EMBRYOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What does the following embryonic structure of the heart give rise to: truncus arteriosus?

A

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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2
Q

What does the following embryonic structure of the heart give rise to: bulbus cordis?

A

Smooth parts of left and right ventricle

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3
Q

What does the following embryonic structure of the heart give rise to: primitive atria?

A

Trabeculated part of the left and right atria

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4
Q

What does the following embryonic structure of the heart give rise to: primitive ventricle?

A

Trabeculated part of the left and right ventricles

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5
Q

What does the following embryonic structure of the heart give rise to: primitive pulmonary vein?

A

Smooth part of the left atrium

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6
Q

What does the following embryonic structure of the heart give rise to: left horn of the sinus venosus?

A

Coronary sinus

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7
Q

What does the following embryonic structure of the heart give rise to: right horn of the sinus venosus?

A

Smooth part of the right atrium

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8
Q

What does the following embryonic structure of the heart give rise to: right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein?

A

SVC

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9
Q

In embryonic development, what is the first functional organ?

A

Heart

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10
Q

When does the heart start to beat?

A

4 weeks

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11
Q

What can a defect in left-right dynein result in? What disease is this seen in?

A

Dextrocardia, as seen in Kartagener Syndrome

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12
Q

Outline the septation of the atria.

A

1) Septum primum grows toward endocardial cushions (forming the “foramen primum”)
2) Superior portion of the septum primum regresses, forming the “foramen secundum”
3) Septum secundum begins to develop
4) Septum primum and septum secundum overlap forming the FORAMEN OVALE

*Foramen ovale usually closes at birth b/c of an increase in left atrial pressure

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13
Q

What is a patent foramen ovale?

A

Failure of the septum primum and secundum to fuse after birth

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14
Q

In extreme cases (and if untreated), what can a patient foramen ovale cause?

A

Paradoxical emboli

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15
Q

Outline the septation of the ventricles.

A

1) Muscular ventricular septum forms
2) Aorticopulmonary septum rotates and fuses with muscular ventricular septum
- Forms the membranous interventricular septum
- Closes the interventricular foramen
3) Endocardial cushions develop contributing the the interventricular septum

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16
Q

Where do most ventricular septal defects occur (VSD)?

A

Membranous portion of the interventricular septum

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17
Q

What are the heart valves derived from?

A

Endocardial cushions

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18
Q

Specifically, what are the aortic and pulmonary valves derived from?

A

Endocardial cushions of the outflow tract

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19
Q

Specifically, what are the mitral and tricuspid valves derived from?

A

Endocardial cushions of the AV canal

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20
Q

Where does fetal erythropoiesis take place? Use a mnemonic to recall.

A

Young Liver Synthesizes Blood

1) Yolk sac (3-8 weeks)
2) Liver (6 weeks to birth)
3) Spleen (10-18 weeks)
4) Bone marrow (18 weeks to adult)

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21
Q

What is fetal Hemoglobin?

A

HbF

22
Q

Describe the composition of fetal Hb.

A

2x alpha and 2x gamma

23
Q

What is adult Hemoglobin?

A

HbA

24
Q

Describe the composition of adult Hb. What is a mnemonic to recall this information?

A

2x alpha and 2x beta

Alpha always; Gamma goes: Becomes beta

25
Q

How does HbF compare to HbA?

A

Higher oxygen affinity

26
Q

Why does HbF have a higher oxygen affinity than HbA? What is the functional outcome of HbF having higher oxygen affinity?

A

Less affinity of 2,3-BPG

Allows HbF to extract oxygen from maternal HbA, across the placenta

27
Q

What blood vessel carries blood from the placenta to the fetus?

A

Umbilical vein

28
Q

What allows blood from the placenta to bypass the liver?

A

Ductus venosus

29
Q

Once blood gets from the placenta/ umbilical vein to the RA, where can it go?

A

1) Into RV like normal

2) Through the FORAMEN OVALE into the LA

30
Q

What is the function of the foramen ovale?

A

Allows blood to bypass the fetal lungs

31
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

Fetal connection between the pulmonary trunk and aorta

32
Q

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Allows blood that enters the RV/ pulmonary artery to also bypass the fetal lungs

33
Q

What does the umbilical vein become in the adult?

A

Ligamentum teres hepatis (in the Falciform Ligament)

34
Q

What do the umbilical arteries become in the adult?

A

Medial umbilical ligaments

35
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become in the adult?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

36
Q

What does the ductus venosus become in the adult?

A

Ligamentum venosum

37
Q

What does the formaen ovale become in the adult?

A

Fossa ovalis

38
Q

What does the allantois become in the adult?

A

Median umbilical ligament

39
Q

What does the notochord become in the adult?

A

Nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs

40
Q

What are the two major branches of the RCA?

A

Marginal artery

Posterior descending artery

41
Q

What does the marginal artery supply?

A

Right ventricle

42
Q

What does the PDA supply?

A

Posterior 1/3 of IV septum and posterior ventricular walls

43
Q

What are the major branches of the LCA?

A

Left circumflex

Left Anterior Descending

44
Q

What artery supplies the SA and AV nodes?

A

RCA

45
Q

What can a RCA infarct cause?

A

Bradycardia or heart block

46
Q

What is right-dominant circulation?

A

PDA arises from RCA

47
Q

What is left dominant circulation?

A

PDA arises from Left Circumflex

48
Q

What is codominant circulation?

A

PDA arises from both RCA and Left Circumflex

49
Q

What coronary artery is most commonly occluded?

A

LAD

50
Q

When does coronary blood flow peak?

A

Early diastole

51
Q

What is the most posterior part of the heart?

A

Left atrium

52
Q

What can happen with enlargement of the left atrium?

A

1) Dysphagia–borders the esophagus

2) Hoarseness–pressure on the recurrent laryngeal

First Aid 2014 (8 decks)

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