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First Aid 2014 > MICROBIOLOGY- MYCOLOGY > Flashcards

MICROBIOLOGY- MYCOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What are systemic mycoses?

A

Fungal infections that can cause pneumonia and disseminate

Mimic TB but can’t be transmitted from person to person

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2
Q

What is a dimorphic fungi?

A

Fungus that takes two forms

1) Mold
2) Yeast

Remember, “Mold in the cold, yeast in the heat”

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3
Q

What are the four systemic mycoses?

A

1) Histoplasmosis
2) Blastomycosis
3) Coccidioidomycosis
4) Paracoccididiodomycosis

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4
Q

What type of fungi are the systemic mycoses?

A

Dimorphic, except for Coccididioidomycosis

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5
Q

How are the systemic mycoses treated?

A

Local infection= fluconazole or itraconazole

Disseminated infection= Amphotericin B

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6
Q

Where is Histoplasmosis endemic?

A

Mississippi and Ohio River valleys

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7
Q

How is Histoplasmosis diagnosed?

A

Macrophages filled with Histoplasma

*Remember Histo Hides in macrophages

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8
Q

What is Histoplasmosis associated with?

A

Bird or bat droppings

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9
Q

Where is Blastomycosis endemic?

A
  • States east of the Mississippi River

- Central America

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10
Q

What disease is caused by Blastomycosis?

A

1) Inflammatory lung disease

2) Dissemination to skin and bone forming GRANULOTMOUS NODULES

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11
Q

How is Blastomycosis diagnosed?

A

Broad Based Budding

Blasto buds broadly*

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12
Q

Where is Coccidioidomycosis endemic?

A

Southwestern US and California

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13
Q

What disease is associated with Coccidioidomycosis?

A
  • Pneumonia and meningitis

- Also can disseminate to bone and skin

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14
Q

What is Coccidioidomycosis associated with?

A

Spore release into the air after EARTHQUAKES

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15
Q

How is Coccidioidomycosis diagnosed?

A

Spherules filled with endospores–will be much larger than a RBC

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16
Q

What are “desert bumps?”

A

Erythema nodosum associated with Coccidioidomycosis dissemination to skin

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17
Q

What is “Desert Rheumatism?”

A

Arthralgias associated with Coccidioidomycosis dissemination to bone

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18
Q

Where is Paracoccidioidomycosis endemic?

A

Latin America

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19
Q

How is Paracoccidioidomycosis diagnosed?

A

Budding yeast with “CAPTAINS WHEEL”

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20
Q

What causes Tinea versicolor?

A

Malassezia furfur

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21
Q

What is Tinea versicolor?

A

Fungal infection with Malassezia furfur that damages melanocytes–>hypopigmented patches

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22
Q

What is Tinea versicolor associated with?

A

Hot humid weather

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23
Q

How is Tinea versicolor treated?

A

Topical miconazole and selenium sulfide

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24
Q

How is Tinea versicolor diagnosed?

A

Spaghetti and meatball appearance

25
Q

What is the colloquial term for tinea cruris?

A

Jock-itch

26
Q

What diseases are caused by Candida albicans?

A

1) Oral and esophageal thrush
2) Vulvovaginitis
3) Diaper rash
4) Endocarditis
5) Disseminated candidiasis
6) Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

27
Q

How are vaginal Candida albicans infections treated?

A

Topical azole

28
Q

How are oral and esophageal Candida albicans infections treated?

A

Fluconazole or Casopfungin

29
Q

How are systemic Candida albicans infections treated?

A

Fluconazole, Caspofungin, or Amphotericin B

30
Q

What diseases are caused by Aspergillus fumigatus?

A

1) Invasive aspergillosis
2) Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)
3) Aspergillomas

31
Q

What is ABPA associated with?

A
  • Asthma and CF

- May cause bronchiectasis and eosinophilia

32
Q

What toxin is produced by some species of Aspergillus fumigatus? What is this toxin associated with?

A

Alfatoxin that increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

33
Q

How is Aspergillus fumigatus diagnosed?

A

Think “A” for Acute Angles

34
Q

What infections are caused by Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

1) Crytococcal meningitis

2) Cryptococcosis

35
Q

Where is Cryptococcus neoformans found?

A

Soil and pigeon droppings

36
Q

How is Cryptococcus neoformans transmitted?

A

Inhaled and then spread hematogenously to the meninges

37
Q

What stain is pathognomonic for Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

India ink

38
Q

What imaging finding is pathognomonic for Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

Soap bubble lesions on brain

39
Q

What causes Mucromycosis?

A

Mucor and Rhizopus

40
Q

What patients are at risk for Mucromycosis?

A

1) Ketoacidotic DM

2) Leukemia

41
Q

What is Mucromycosis?

A

Fungal infection that enters the brain via the cribriform plate causing:

1) Rhinocerebral and
2) Frontal lobe abscess

42
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Mucromycosis?

A
  • Headache
  • Facial pain
  • Black necrotic eschar on face
43
Q

How is Mucromycosis treated?

A

Amphotericin B

44
Q

What does Pneumocystis jirovecii cause?

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)– a diffuse intersitial pneumonia

45
Q

How is Pneumocystis jirovecii transmitted?

A

Inhalation

46
Q

What is the typical presentation of PCP?

A

Asymptomatic

47
Q

What predisposes one to symptomatic PCP infection?

A

Immune compromise

48
Q

How does Pneumocystis jirovecii infection appear on CXR?

A

Diffuse bilateral pneumonia

49
Q

How is Pneumocystis jirovecii diagnosed?

A

1) Lung biopsy
2) Lavage

THEN silver stain to show disc-shaped yeast

50
Q

How is Pneumocystis jirovecii infection treated?

A

1) TMP-SMX
2) Pentamidine
3) Dapsone

51
Q

What drug used to treat PCP is used for prophylaxis?

A

Dapsone

52
Q

What circumstances would prompt PCP prophylaxis?

A

AIDS i.e. CD4 T-cell count in HIV+ that is under 200

53
Q

What disease is caused by Sporothrix schenckii?

A

Sporotrichosis

54
Q

Where is Sporothrix schenckii normally found?

A

Vegetation–hence “Rose Gardner’s Disease”

55
Q

How does Sporotrichosis present?

A

Local pustule or ulcer at site of inoculation

May cause ascending lymphangitis

56
Q

How is Sporothrix schenckii transmitted?

A

Traumatic inoculation into the skin e.g. thorn-prick

57
Q

How is Sporothrix schenckii infection diagnosed?

A

Cigar-shaped budding yeast

58
Q

How is Sporothrix schenckii infection treated?

A

Itraconazole or potassium iodide

First Aid 2014 (8 decks)

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