Microbiology- Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is science
A
study of the natural world
2
Q
what are the steps of the scientific method?
A
observation, hypothesis, test/experimentation, theory
3
Q
a tentative statement that makes predictions
A
hypothesis
4
Q
When does a hypothesis become a theory?
A
when consistency is obtained between hypothesis and experiments/ observations
5
Q
framework within which observations are explained and predictions are made
A
theory
6
Q
a descriptive statement or equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions
A
law
7
Q
simplest explanation is usually correct
A
Ockham’s Razor
8
Q
what is microbiology?
A
study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
9
Q
bacteriology, mycology, algology, protozoology, virology
A
branches of microbiology
10
Q
aspects of microbiology mentioned in the bible
A
wine (yeast fermentation) and leprosy (a contagious bacterial disease)
11
Q
when did the science of microbiology begin?
A
1665
12
Q
who was the first scientist to observe cells?
A
robert hooke
13
Q
First observation of live microorganisms
A
Van Leeuwenhoek in 1673
14
Q
fermentation 1857
A
Pasteur
15
Q
had all of his troops inoculated with small pox
A
george washington
16
Q
Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796 by rubbing cow pox under skin
A
edward jenner
17
Q
Father of microbiology
A
louis pasteur
18
Q
life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
A
hypothesis of spontaneous generation
19
Q
How did Pasteur disprove the spontaneous generation hypothesis?
A
demonstrated that microbes are present in nonliving matter- air, liquids, and solids
20
Q
pour meat broth into flask
pour meat broth into flask, bend neck
pour meat broth into flask, boil
A
controls for Pasteur’s experiment
21
Q
how was pasteur lucky?
A
apparently no endospores in the meat broth
22
Q
- The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
- The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
- The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.
- The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.
A
Koch’s postulates
23
Q
- according to koch’s postulates, a specific infectious disease is caused by a specific microbe
- Koch’s postulates help determine the etiology of disease, the first step in treatment and prevention
- microbiologists use these steps to identify causes of emerging diseases
A
key concepts of Koch’s postulates: understanding diseases
24
Q
first pasteurization of grape juice occurred in
A
1869
25
first pasteurization of grape juice: how
heated grape juice to kill yeast and it was non-alcoholic so they used it for communion
26
cellular, respiration, metabolism, contains DNA and RNA, contains ribosomes, contains catalyst
what determines life?
27
organisms have a true nucleus
eukarya
28
bacteria and archaea are
both prokaryotic, meaning they do not have a nucleus
29
the most predominant life form on earth
archaea
30
Kingdoms of the domain Eukarya
fungi, plantae, and animalia, as well as protists.
31
all organisms evolved from cells that formed over
3 billion years ago
32
The DNA passed on from ancestors is described as
conserved
33
smallest living cell
mycoplasma
34
the best the human eye can see is
100 micrometers
35
not technically alive
viruses
36
how much bigger is an average eukaryotic cell than an average prokaryotic cell with respect to volume?
1000x bigger
37
what is the most obvious difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
size
38
eukaryotic cells are a million times bigger than a
virus
39
where the activity occurs on the organelles and in the cell
membrane
40
- peroxisome
- nucleus
-nucleolus
-rough ER
-smooth ER
-microtubule
-microfilament
-mitochondrion
-plasma membrane
-ribosome
-cytoplasm
-golgi complex
eukaryotic cells: common structures (all)
41
Vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast
eukaryotic cell structures: plants only
42
centrosome: centriole, pericentriolar material, lysosome, basal body, flagellum
eukaryotic cell structures: animal cell only
43
super small
- no membrane
- does have DNA material
- in general no membrane bound organelles
structure of a prokaryotic cell
44
- cytoplasm
-70S Ribosomes
-plasma membrane
-cell wall
-nucleoid containing DNA
-capsule
-plasmid
-fimbriae
parts of the prokaryotic cell
45
since there are no membranes, _________ happens in the plasma membrane
activity
46
3 shapes of bacteria
cocci, bacilli, spirilla
47
three types of spiral bacteria
vibrio, spirillum, spirochete
48
Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products (usually for storage)
Inclusions
49
used for conjugation in certain species
pilus
50
used for attachment
not always present
looks like hair
can be longer than the cell itself
fimbria
51
- extracellular material usually made of polysaccharides
- used for attachment
- allows dental plaque to stick to teeth and release acid
capsule
52
extrachromosomal genetic material
always made of double stranded DNA
plasmid
53
used for motility; could be anywhere by itself or could be in clumps
flagellum
54
guts of the cell; lots of reactions occur and water based
cytoplasm
55
no nuclear membrane, usually singular, circular, haploid, and always made of double stranded DNA
nucleoid
56
site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
57
smaller ribosomes found in prokaryotes
70s ribosomes
58
larger ribosomes found in eukaryotes
80S ribosomes
59
70S ribosomes are the target of many
antibiotics
60
Barrier that separates inside of cell from outside
Made of proteins and lipids
More liquid than solid
cell plasma membrane
61
what is the ratio in prokaryotic cell membrane of protein and lipids
70:30
62
why do prokaryotic cells have more proteins
do not have membrane bound organelles so need more proteins
63
part of the phospholipid that is attracted to water.
polar head
64
hydrophobic
non polar tails
65
hold membrane together
lipids
66
bacterial chromosome
cytoplasm
ribosome
cell membrane
structure that is usually present with few exceptions
67
developed gram stain
christian gram
68
1. Crystal violet
2. Iodine (mordant)
3. decolorize with Alcohol
4. counterstain with Safranin
gram stain procedure
69
what is the critical step of a gram stain procedure? why?
alcohol wash; differentiate one cell from another
70
gram-positive
purple
71
gram-negative
pink
72
wall teichoic acid
found in gram-positive cell wall
73
protein and sugar that makeup bacteria cell walls
peptoglycan
74
component of the gram-negative cell wall
lipopolysaccharide
75
endotoxin of gram negative bacteria
lipopolysaccharide
76
part of the cell wall; causes immune system to turn on specific to gram negatives
endotoxin
77
functions of the cell wall
- shape of the cell
- prevent osmotic lysis
78
one of most important function of cell in bacteria
prevents osmotic lysis
79
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
80
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution
no net movement of water
isotonic solution
81
water moves out of the cell, causing its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)
hypertonic solution
82
water moves into the cell
hypotonic solution
83
if the cell wall is weak or damaged, the cell bursts
osmotic lysis
84
the most resistant forms of life
endospores
85
Process that requires oxygen
aerobic
86
Process that does not require oxygen
anaerobic
87
2 genres of endospores
bacillus and clostridium
88
high temperature
toxic chemicals
desiccation
radiation
low temperatures
resistance factors of endospores
89
most important in natural environment
desiccation
90
what causes the sporulation process
starvation
91
which process of endospores are absolute?
desiccation
92
- bacillus anthracis
- clostridium perfringens
- clostridium tetani
- clostridium botulinum
disease-causing endospore-forming bacteria
93
- aerobic
- anthrax
wool-sorters disease (inhalation anthrax)
- level 1 bioterrorism attack
bacillus anthracis
94
first bioterrorist attack right after 9/11 had to do with what
anthrax
95
gas gangrene
anaerobic
found in soil contributing to battlefield wounds and amputations
clostridium perfringens
96
- tetanus
- third deadliest toxin known
clostridium tetani
97
- botulism food poisoning
- botox
clostridium botulinum
98
deadliest toxin known
clostridium botulinum
99
second deadliest toxin
diphtheria toxin
100
- obligate intracellular parasites
- rocky mountain spotted fever
- spread by ticks
rickettsiae
(atypical bateria)
101
why are rickettsiae atypical
obligate intracellular parasites
102
extremely small, mostly pathogenic bacteria
Chlamydiae (clam-i-dy)
103
- obligate intracellular parasites
- leading cause of blindness
- number 1 STD
- spread by direct human contact
chlamydiae
(atypical bateria)
104
- no cell walls
- smallest known living cells
mycoplasma
(atypical bateria)
105
why are mycoplasmas atypical?
they do not have cell walls
106
- Mold-like in appearance
- Streptomyces produce antibiotics
Actinomycetes (atypical bacteria)
107
why are actinomycetes atypical
they grow looking like molds
108
- peptidoglycan in cell walls
-ester linkages in cell membrane lipids
BACTERIA
109
- no peptidoglycan in cell walls
-ether linkages in cell membrane lipids
ARCHAEA
110
ester linkages in cell membrane lipids are found in
bacteria
111
ether linkages are found in
archaea
112
- fungi
- protozoa
- algae
eukaryotic microorganisms
113
2 groups of fungi
molds and yeasts
114
- many are multicellular
- aerobic
molds
115
single celled and facultative anaerobes
yeasts
116
importance of fungi
diseases, foods, antibiotics, drugs
117
"moving blob"
- moves like protozoa, forms spores like fungi
- important in the decay process
slime molds
118
classified based on motility structures
protozoa
119
in protozoans, cytoplasm-containing extensions of the plasma membrane; aid in locomotion and feeding
pseudopodia
120
- movement in most motile prokaryotes
- found in protozoa
flagella
121
only found in eukaryotes
- a type of protozoa
cilia
122
two types of cytoplasm in protozoa
- ectoplasm
- endoplasm
123
inner most cytoplasm in cell
endoplasm
124
The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells.
ectoplasm
125
- food chain (protozoa eat prokaryotes and larger organisms eat protozoa)
- diseases (malaria, amoebic dysentery, etc)
importance of protozoa
126
why are fungal and protozoal diseases so difficult to treat?
fungi and protozoa are eukaryotes and so are humans
127
organisms that perform oxygen-evolving photosynthesis and possess chloroplasts
algae
128
2 important aspects of algae
- produce oxygen
- possess chloroplasts
129
major contributor to oxygen supply but have no chloroplast
cyanobacteria
130
mass red algae on the ocean/shore and could cause loss of humans
red tide
131
endospores resistance factors
- high temperature
- toxic chemical
- desiccation
- radiation
- low temperature
132
the process of endospore formation
sporulation
133
- treatable, contagious bacterial disease
- contracted from armadillos
- incubation period = 18 years
- respiratory transmission
leprosy
134
Pasteur demonstrated that microbes are responsible for ___, which lead to the connection between microbes and ___
food spoilage / diseases
135
Pasteur provided the bases for _____ which prevent microbial contamination
aseptic techniques
136
What will happen if you fail to bend the neck of the flask in Pasteur's experiment?
original microbes will boil out and new ones will enter through the top and contaminate culture
137
When the broth was being heated in the Pasteur experiment, not all organisms were ____
what could have formed in the flask but did not?
killed
endospores formed that are not fueled by boiling / he was lucky that there were no endospores in meat broth
138
according to koch's postulates, a specific infectious disease is caused by a specific ____
microbe
139
Koch's postulates help scientists identify the first step in ___ and ___ of the disease
treatment / prevention
140
treponema pallidum & HIV
exceptions to Koch's postulate
141
how big is a eukaryote?
10-100 micrometers
142
lyme disease and syphilis are caused by ___ bacteria
spiral
