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MICROBIOLOGY > Microbiology- Exam 1 > Flashcards

Microbiology- Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is science

A

study of the natural world

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2
Q

what are the steps of the scientific method?

A

observation, hypothesis, test/experimentation, theory

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3
Q

a tentative statement that makes predictions

A

hypothesis

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4
Q

When does a hypothesis become a theory?

A

when consistency is obtained between hypothesis and experiments/ observations

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5
Q

framework within which observations are explained and predictions are made

A

theory

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6
Q

a descriptive statement or equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions

A

law

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7
Q

simplest explanation is usually correct

A

Ockham’s Razor

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8
Q

what is microbiology?

A

study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

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9
Q

bacteriology, mycology, algology, protozoology, virology

A

branches of microbiology

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10
Q

aspects of microbiology mentioned in the bible

A

wine (yeast fermentation) and leprosy (a contagious bacterial disease)

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11
Q

when did the science of microbiology begin?

A

1665

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12
Q

who was the first scientist to observe cells?

A

robert hooke

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13
Q

First observation of live microorganisms

A

Van Leeuwenhoek in 1673

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14
Q

fermentation 1857

A

Pasteur

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15
Q

had all of his troops inoculated with small pox

A

george washington

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16
Q

Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796 by rubbing cow pox under skin

A

edward jenner

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17
Q

Father of microbiology

A

louis pasteur

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18
Q

life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

A

hypothesis of spontaneous generation

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19
Q

How did Pasteur disprove the spontaneous generation hypothesis?

A

demonstrated that microbes are present in nonliving matter- air, liquids, and solids

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20
Q

pour meat broth into flask
pour meat broth into flask, bend neck
pour meat broth into flask, boil

A

controls for Pasteur’s experiment

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21
Q

how was pasteur lucky?

A

apparently no endospores in the meat broth

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22
Q
  1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
  2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
  3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.
  4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.
A

Koch’s postulates

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23
Q
  • according to koch’s postulates, a specific infectious disease is caused by a specific microbe
  • Koch’s postulates help determine the etiology of disease, the first step in treatment and prevention
  • microbiologists use these steps to identify causes of emerging diseases
A

key concepts of Koch’s postulates: understanding diseases

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24
Q

first pasteurization of grape juice occurred in

A

1869

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25
Q

first pasteurization of grape juice: how

A

heated grape juice to kill yeast and it was non-alcoholic so they used it for communion

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26
Q

cellular, respiration, metabolism, contains DNA and RNA, contains ribosomes, contains catalyst

A

what determines life?

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27
Q

organisms have a true nucleus

A

eukarya

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28
Q

bacteria and archaea are

A

both prokaryotic, meaning they do not have a nucleus

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29
Q

the most predominant life form on earth

A

archaea

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30
Q

Kingdoms of the domain Eukarya

A

fungi, plantae, and animalia, as well as protists.

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31
Q

all organisms evolved from cells that formed over

A

3 billion years ago

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32
Q

The DNA passed on from ancestors is described as

A

conserved

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33
Q

smallest living cell

A

mycoplasma

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34
Q

the best the human eye can see is

A

100 micrometers

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35
Q

not technically alive

A

viruses

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36
Q

how much bigger is an average eukaryotic cell than an average prokaryotic cell with respect to volume?

A

1000x bigger

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37
Q

what is the most obvious difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

size

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38
Q

eukaryotic cells are a million times bigger than a

A

virus

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39
Q

where the activity occurs on the organelles and in the cell

A

membrane

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40
Q
  • peroxisome
  • nucleus
    -nucleolus
    -rough ER
    -smooth ER
    -microtubule
    -microfilament
    -mitochondrion
    -plasma membrane
    -ribosome
    -cytoplasm
    -golgi complex
A

eukaryotic cells: common structures (all)

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41
Q

Vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast

A

eukaryotic cell structures: plants only

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42
Q

centrosome: centriole, pericentriolar material, lysosome, basal body, flagellum

A

eukaryotic cell structures: animal cell only

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43
Q

super small
- no membrane
- does have DNA material
- in general no membrane bound organelles

A

structure of a prokaryotic cell

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44
Q
  • cytoplasm
    -70S Ribosomes
    -plasma membrane
    -cell wall
    -nucleoid containing DNA
    -capsule
    -plasmid
    -fimbriae
A

parts of the prokaryotic cell

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45
Q

since there are no membranes, _________ happens in the plasma membrane

A

activity

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46
Q

3 shapes of bacteria

A

cocci, bacilli, spirilla

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47
Q

three types of spiral bacteria

A

vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

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48
Q

Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products (usually for storage)

A

Inclusions

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49
Q

used for conjugation in certain species

A

pilus

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50
Q

used for attachment
not always present
looks like hair
can be longer than the cell itself

A

fimbria

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51
Q
  • extracellular material usually made of polysaccharides
  • used for attachment
  • allows dental plaque to stick to teeth and release acid
A

capsule

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52
Q

extrachromosomal genetic material
always made of double stranded DNA

A

plasmid

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53
Q

used for motility; could be anywhere by itself or could be in clumps

A

flagellum

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54
Q

guts of the cell; lots of reactions occur and water based

A

cytoplasm

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55
Q

no nuclear membrane, usually singular, circular, haploid, and always made of double stranded DNA

A

nucleoid

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56
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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57
Q

smaller ribosomes found in prokaryotes

A

70s ribosomes

58
Q

larger ribosomes found in eukaryotes

A

80S ribosomes

59
Q

70S ribosomes are the target of many

A

antibiotics

60
Q

Barrier that separates inside of cell from outside
Made of proteins and lipids
More liquid than solid

A

cell plasma membrane

61
Q

what is the ratio in prokaryotic cell membrane of protein and lipids

62
Q

why do prokaryotic cells have more proteins

A

do not have membrane bound organelles so need more proteins

63
Q

part of the phospholipid that is attracted to water.

A

polar head

64
Q

hydrophobic

A

non polar tails

65
Q

hold membrane together

66
Q

bacterial chromosome
cytoplasm
ribosome
cell membrane

A

structure that is usually present with few exceptions

67
Q

developed gram stain

A

christian gram

68
Q
  1. Crystal violet
  2. Iodine (mordant)
  3. decolorize with Alcohol
  4. counterstain with Safranin
A

gram stain procedure

69
Q

what is the critical step of a gram stain procedure? why?

A

alcohol wash; differentiate one cell from another

70
Q

gram-positive

71
Q

gram-negative

72
Q

wall teichoic acid

A

found in gram-positive cell wall

73
Q

protein and sugar that makeup bacteria cell walls

A

peptoglycan

74
Q

component of the gram-negative cell wall

A

lipopolysaccharide

75
Q

endotoxin of gram negative bacteria

A

lipopolysaccharide

76
Q

part of the cell wall; causes immune system to turn on specific to gram negatives

77
Q

functions of the cell wall

A
  • shape of the cell
  • prevent osmotic lysis
78
Q

one of most important function of cell in bacteria

A

prevents osmotic lysis

79
Q

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

80
Q

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution

no net movement of water

A

isotonic solution

81
Q

water moves out of the cell, causing its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)

A

hypertonic solution

82
Q

water moves into the cell

A

hypotonic solution

83
Q

if the cell wall is weak or damaged, the cell bursts

A

osmotic lysis

84
Q

the most resistant forms of life

A

endospores

85
Q

Process that requires oxygen

86
Q

Process that does not require oxygen

87
Q

2 genres of endospores

A

bacillus and clostridium

88
Q

high temperature
toxic chemicals
desiccation
radiation
low temperatures

A

resistance factors of endospores

89
Q

most important in natural environment

A

desiccation

90
Q

what causes the sporulation process

A

starvation

91
Q

which process of endospores are absolute?

A

desiccation

92
Q
  • bacillus anthracis
  • clostridium perfringens
  • clostridium tetani
  • clostridium botulinum
A

disease-causing endospore-forming bacteria

93
Q
  • aerobic
  • anthrax
    wool-sorters disease (inhalation anthrax)
  • level 1 bioterrorism attack
A

bacillus anthracis

94
Q

first bioterrorist attack right after 9/11 had to do with what

95
Q

gas gangrene
anaerobic
found in soil contributing to battlefield wounds and amputations

A

clostridium perfringens

96
Q
  • tetanus
  • third deadliest toxin known
A

clostridium tetani

97
Q
  • botulism food poisoning
  • botox
A

clostridium botulinum

98
Q

deadliest toxin known

A

clostridium botulinum

99
Q

second deadliest toxin

A

diphtheria toxin

100
Q
  • obligate intracellular parasites
  • rocky mountain spotted fever
  • spread by ticks
A

rickettsiae
(atypical bateria)

101
Q

why are rickettsiae atypical

A

obligate intracellular parasites

102
Q

extremely small, mostly pathogenic bacteria

A

Chlamydiae (clam-i-dy)

103
Q
  • obligate intracellular parasites
  • leading cause of blindness
  • number 1 STD
  • spread by direct human contact
A

chlamydiae
(atypical bateria)

104
Q
  • no cell walls
  • smallest known living cells
A

mycoplasma
(atypical bateria)

105
Q

why are mycoplasmas atypical?

A

they do not have cell walls

106
Q
  • Mold-like in appearance
  • Streptomyces produce antibiotics
A

Actinomycetes (atypical bacteria)

107
Q

why are actinomycetes atypical

A

they grow looking like molds

108
Q
  • peptidoglycan in cell walls
    -ester linkages in cell membrane lipids
109
Q
  • no peptidoglycan in cell walls
    -ether linkages in cell membrane lipids
110
Q

ester linkages in cell membrane lipids are found in

111
Q

ether linkages are found in

112
Q
  • fungi
  • protozoa
  • algae
A

eukaryotic microorganisms

113
Q

2 groups of fungi

A

molds and yeasts

114
Q
  • many are multicellular
  • aerobic
115
Q

single celled and facultative anaerobes

116
Q

importance of fungi

A

diseases, foods, antibiotics, drugs

117
Q

“moving blob”
- moves like protozoa, forms spores like fungi
- important in the decay process

A

slime molds

118
Q

classified based on motility structures

119
Q

in protozoans, cytoplasm-containing extensions of the plasma membrane; aid in locomotion and feeding

A

pseudopodia

120
Q
  • movement in most motile prokaryotes
  • found in protozoa
121
Q

only found in eukaryotes
- a type of protozoa

122
Q

two types of cytoplasm in protozoa

A
  • ectoplasm
  • endoplasm
123
Q

inner most cytoplasm in cell

124
Q

The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells.

125
Q
  • food chain (protozoa eat prokaryotes and larger organisms eat protozoa)
  • diseases (malaria, amoebic dysentery, etc)
A

importance of protozoa

126
Q

why are fungal and protozoal diseases so difficult to treat?

A

fungi and protozoa are eukaryotes and so are humans

127
Q

organisms that perform oxygen-evolving photosynthesis and possess chloroplasts

128
Q

2 important aspects of algae

A
  • produce oxygen
  • possess chloroplasts
129
Q

major contributor to oxygen supply but have no chloroplast

A

cyanobacteria

130
Q

mass red algae on the ocean/shore and could cause loss of humans

131
Q

endospores resistance factors

A
  • high temperature
  • toxic chemical
  • desiccation
  • radiation
  • low temperature
132
Q

the process of endospore formation

A

sporulation

133
Q
  • treatable, contagious bacterial disease
  • contracted from armadillos
  • incubation period = 18 years
  • respiratory transmission
134
Q

Pasteur demonstrated that microbes are responsible for ___, which lead to the connection between microbes and ___

A

food spoilage / diseases

135
Q

Pasteur provided the bases for _____ which prevent microbial contamination

A

aseptic techniques

136
Q

What will happen if you fail to bend the neck of the flask in Pasteur’s experiment?

A

original microbes will boil out and new ones will enter through the top and contaminate culture

137
Q

When the broth was being heated in the Pasteur experiment, not all organisms were ____

what could have formed in the flask but did not?

A

killed

endospores formed that are not fueled by boiling / he was lucky that there were no endospores in meat broth

138
Q

according to koch’s postulates, a specific infectious disease is caused by a specific ____

139
Q

Koch’s postulates help scientists identify the first step in ___ and ___ of the disease

A

treatment / prevention

140
Q

treponema pallidum & HIV

A

exceptions to Koch’s postulate

141
Q

how big is a eukaryote?

A

10-100 micrometers

142
Q

lyme disease and syphilis are caused by ___ bacteria

MICROBIOLOGY (8 decks)

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