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MICROBIOLOGY > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Given a choice between functionally equivalent designs, the simplest design should be selected.

A

Ockham’s Razor

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2
Q
  • treatable, contagious bacterial disease
  • contracted from armadillos
  • incubation period = 18 years
  • respiratory transmission
A

Leprosy

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3
Q

yeast fermentation

A

wine

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4
Q
  • first to report cells (cork)
  • responsible for the Cell Theory
A

Robert Hooke

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5
Q

first to observe the life of microorganisms

A

Antone Van Leeuwenhoek

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6
Q

Father of microbiology

A

Louis Pasteur

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7
Q
  • discovered fermentation
  • disproved spontaneous generation
  • pasteurization
A

Louis Pasteur

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8
Q

created germ theory of disease

A

Robert Koch

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9
Q

Pasteur demonstrated that microbes are responsible for ____ which lead to the connection between microbes and ____

A

food spoilage / diseases

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10
Q

Pasteur provided the bases for ___ ___ which prevent microbial contamination

A

aseptic techniques

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11
Q

1) pour meat broth into flask – watch
2) pour meat broth into flask, bend neck — watch
3) pour meat broth into flask, boil – watch

A

Louis Pasteur’s Experiment steps

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12
Q

what will happen if you fail to bend the neck of the flask in Pasteur’s experiment?

A

original microbes will boil out and new ones will enter through the top and contaminate culture

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13
Q

When the broth was being heated in the Pasteur experiment, not all organisms were ____

What could have formed in the flask but did not?

A

killed

endospores formed that are not fueled by boiling / he was lucky that there were no endospores in meat broth

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14
Q
  1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
  2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
  3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.
  4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.
A

robert koch’s 4 postulates

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15
Q

according to koch’s postulates, a specific infectious disease is caused by a specific ____

A

microbe

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16
Q

koch’s postulates help scientists identify the first step in ___ and ___ of the disease

A

treatment / prevention

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17
Q

Treponema pallidum
HIV

A

exceptions to Koch’s postulate

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18
Q
  • causes syphilis
  • cannot be grown in pure culture
A

Treponema pallidum

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19
Q
  • causes AIDS
  • can be injected but will not show any signs of disease in the test animals
A

HIV

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20
Q

first pasteurization of grape juice in 1869

A

Thomas Bramwell Welch

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21
Q

the origin of mitochondria and chloroplast came from ____

A

bacteria

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22
Q

DNA passed form our ancestors is described as ____

A

conserved

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23
Q

Kingdoms of Eukarya

A

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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24
Q

structure that carries out all functions in a prokaryotic cell

A

cell membrane

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25
Q

coccus

A

circle

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26
Q

bacillus

A

rods

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27
Q

streptococci

A

chain

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28
Q

staphylococci

A

clumped together; staph infections

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29
Q

lyme disease and syphilis are caused by ____ bacteria

A

spiral

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30
Q

no nuclear membrane
usually singular, circular, and haploid
always made of double-stranded DNA

A

Nucleoid / bacterial chromosomes

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31
Q

usually for storage

A

inclusion

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32
Q

used for conjugation in certain species

A

pilus

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33
Q

used for attachment

A

fimbria

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34
Q

-extracellular material is usually made of polysaccharides
- used for attachment

A

capsule

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35
Q

-extrachromosomal genetic material
- always made of double-stranded DNA

A

plasmid

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36
Q

used for motility

A

flagellum

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37
Q

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
- “guts” of the cell

A

cytoplasm

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38
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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39
Q

70s ribosomes

A

Ribosomes in prokaryotic cells

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40
Q

80S ribosomes

A

larger ribosomes found in eukaryotes

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41
Q

many antibiotics affect ____ ribosomes

A

70s

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42
Q
  • ACTIVE barrier that separates inside of cell from outside
  • made of proteins and lipids
  • more liquid than solid
A

cell membrane

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43
Q

A DIFFERENTIAL staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls.

A

Gram stain

44
Q

procedure for gram staining

A
  1. Crystal violet
  2. Iodine
  3. Alcohol
  4. Safranin
45
Q

purple stained bacteria that have simple cell walls with a thick layer of peptidoglycan.

A

Gram-positive bacteria

46
Q

PINK STAINED bacteria that have complex cell walls with thin layer of peptidoglycan but with lipopolysaccharides.

A

Gram-negative bacteria

47
Q

peptidoglycan is only found in ____

A

bacteria

48
Q

aka endotoxin
sticks out from the membrane in gram-negative staining

A

Lipopolysaccharide

49
Q

interferes with synthesis of peptidoglycan

A

Penicillin

50
Q

purpose of an endospore

A

survival not reproductive

51
Q

bacillus is ____ bacteria

A

aerobic

52
Q

clostridium is ____ bacteria

A

Anaerobic

53
Q

what resistance forms can be absolute and still have resistance?

A

desiccation
low temperatures

54
Q

Anthrax (Wool Sorter’s Disease)

A

Bacillus anthracis

55
Q

causes gas gangrene

A

Clostridium perfringens

56
Q

causes tetanus (“lock jaw”)
third deadliest toxin known

A

Clostridium tetani

57
Q

causes botulism (food poisoning)
botox
deadliest toxin known
reason why honey is not fed to infants

A

Clostridium botulinum

58
Q

does not require an organism to be present

A

Clostridium botulinum

59
Q

second deadliest toxin

A

Diptheria toxin

60
Q

4 atypical bacteria

A

Rickettsiae
Chlamydiae
Mycoplasmas
Actinomycetes

61
Q

obligate intracellular parasites
rocky mountain spotted fever
spread by ticks

A

Rickettsiae

62
Q

obligate intracellular parasites
trachoma
number 1 STD
spread by direct human contact

A

chlamydiae

63
Q

bacteria that naturally lack a cell wall
smallest known living cells

A

mycoplasmas

64
Q

Mold-like in appearance
Streptomyces (produce antibiotics)

A

Actinomycetes

65
Q

prokaryotes divide by _____
eukaryotes divide through ____

A

binary fission
involves mitosis

66
Q

Bacteria have ___ linkages in cell membrane lipids
Archaea have ___ linkages in cell membrane lipids

A

ester
ether

67
Q

3 eukaryotic microorganisms

A

fungi, protozoa, algae

68
Q

Molds are often ____cellular
Yeasts are ____cellular

A

multi / uni

69
Q

Molds are ___ bacteria
Yeasts are ____ bacteria

A

aerobic / facultative anaerobic

70
Q

fungus-like protist that moves like protozoa and is important in the decay process

A

slime mold

71
Q

3 types of protozoa

A

pseudopodia (amoeba)
flagella (euglena)
cilia (paramecium)

72
Q

importance of protozoa

A

food chain
diseases

73
Q

organisms that perform oxygen-evolving photosynthesis and possess chloroplasts

A

algae

74
Q

algae can cause a few diseases like ____

A

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (red tide)

75
Q

HIV is an exception to Koch’s Postulates because

A

it does not cause AIDS in an experimental host

76
Q

bacterial structures that have to do with attachment include

A

Capsules and Fimbriae

77
Q

after the gram stain procedure, gram positive and negative is obvious after ___

A

application of safranin

78
Q

the structure that is required for disease to occur specifically pneumonia or dental cavitites is a

A

capsule

79
Q

the shape and arrangement of bacteria associated with the normal bacteria growing on human skin and MRSA is

A

Staphylococci

80
Q

bacteria that causes syphillis and lyme disease

A

spirochetes

81
Q

barrier function of the cell membrane is because of

A

lipids

82
Q

cyanobacteria are not algae because

A

do not have chlororplasts

83
Q

Protozoa motility structures include

A

cilia and pseudopodia

84
Q

the most abundant life forms on Earth, the Archaea are mostly _____

A

Anaerobic

85
Q

movement in most motile prokaryotes is due to

A

flagella

86
Q

required by streptococcus pneumonia to cause disease

A

bacterial capsule

87
Q

which part of the salmonella cell is responsible for inducing the symptoms of food poisoning?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

88
Q

ectoplasm is found in the organism taht causes ___

A

malaria

89
Q

all molds can use spores for ____

A

reproduction

90
Q

some bacteria use endospores for ____ while all molds use spores for _____

A

survival / reproduction

91
Q

molds require the following for growth

A

water
organic matter
aerobic conditions

92
Q

penicillin is produced by

A

a mold

93
Q

all algae produce ___ __ and some are ____

A

molecular oxygen / toxic

94
Q

what bacteria is motile?

A

spirilla

95
Q

distinguishing factors of protozoa

A

ectoplasm and endoplasm

96
Q

all have pigments
have some members that are motile
have some members that can cause disease in humans

A

algae

97
Q

who coined the terms aerobic and anaerobic?

A

louis pasteur

98
Q

can cause the immune system to create symptoms that may lead to death

A

Lipopolysaccharide

99
Q

the most critical step in gram staining is ___

A

decolorization

100
Q

disease common during the civil war and often requires amputation for survival

A

Clostridium perfringens

101
Q
  • bacteria can cause blindness in humans
A

Chlamydia

102
Q

responsible for producing many of the vitamins that we find in health food stores

A

yeasts

103
Q

the disease casued by C. botulinum is an _____

A

intoxication

104
Q

protozans can be differentiated from other eukaryotes based on their…

A

cytoplasms

105
Q

important diseases caused by protozoans are

A

Malaria and amoebic dysentery

MICROBIOLOGY (8 decks)

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