exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Given a choice between functionally equivalent designs, the simplest design should be selected.
A
Ockham’s Razor
2
Q
- treatable, contagious bacterial disease
- contracted from armadillos
- incubation period = 18 years
- respiratory transmission
A
Leprosy
3
Q
yeast fermentation
A
wine
4
Q
- first to report cells (cork)
- responsible for the Cell Theory
A
Robert Hooke
5
Q
first to observe the life of microorganisms
A
Antone Van Leeuwenhoek
6
Q
Father of microbiology
A
Louis Pasteur
7
Q
- discovered fermentation
- disproved spontaneous generation
- pasteurization
A
Louis Pasteur
8
Q
created germ theory of disease
A
Robert Koch
9
Q
Pasteur demonstrated that microbes are responsible for ____ which lead to the connection between microbes and ____
A
food spoilage / diseases
10
Q
Pasteur provided the bases for ___ ___ which prevent microbial contamination
A
aseptic techniques
11
Q
1) pour meat broth into flask – watch
2) pour meat broth into flask, bend neck — watch
3) pour meat broth into flask, boil – watch
A
Louis Pasteur’s Experiment steps
12
Q
what will happen if you fail to bend the neck of the flask in Pasteur’s experiment?
A
original microbes will boil out and new ones will enter through the top and contaminate culture
13
Q
When the broth was being heated in the Pasteur experiment, not all organisms were ____
What could have formed in the flask but did not?
A
killed
endospores formed that are not fueled by boiling / he was lucky that there were no endospores in meat broth
14
Q
- The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
- The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
- The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.
- The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.
A
robert koch’s 4 postulates
15
Q
according to koch’s postulates, a specific infectious disease is caused by a specific ____
A
microbe
16
Q
koch’s postulates help scientists identify the first step in ___ and ___ of the disease
A
treatment / prevention
17
Q
Treponema pallidum
HIV
A
exceptions to Koch’s postulate
18
Q
- causes syphilis
- cannot be grown in pure culture
A
Treponema pallidum
19
Q
- causes AIDS
- can be injected but will not show any signs of disease in the test animals
A
HIV
20
Q
first pasteurization of grape juice in 1869
A
Thomas Bramwell Welch
21
Q
the origin of mitochondria and chloroplast came from ____
A
bacteria
22
Q
DNA passed form our ancestors is described as ____
A
conserved
23
Q
Kingdoms of Eukarya
A
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
24
Q
structure that carries out all functions in a prokaryotic cell
A
cell membrane
25
coccus
circle
26
bacillus
rods
27
streptococci
chain
28
staphylococci
clumped together; staph infections
29
lyme disease and syphilis are caused by ____ bacteria
spiral
30
no nuclear membrane
usually singular, circular, and haploid
always made of double-stranded DNA
Nucleoid / bacterial chromosomes
31
usually for storage
inclusion
32
used for conjugation in certain species
pilus
33
used for attachment
fimbria
34
-extracellular material is usually made of polysaccharides
- used for attachment
capsule
35
-extrachromosomal genetic material
- always made of double-stranded DNA
plasmid
36
used for motility
flagellum
37
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
- "guts" of the cell
cytoplasm
38
site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
39
70s ribosomes
Ribosomes in prokaryotic cells
40
80S ribosomes
larger ribosomes found in eukaryotes
41
many antibiotics affect ____ ribosomes
70s
42
- ACTIVE barrier that separates inside of cell from outside
- made of proteins and lipids
- more liquid than solid
cell membrane
43
A DIFFERENTIAL staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls.
Gram stain
44
procedure for gram staining
1. Crystal violet
2. Iodine
3. Alcohol
4. Safranin
45
purple stained bacteria that have simple cell walls with a thick layer of peptidoglycan.
Gram-positive bacteria
46
PINK STAINED bacteria that have complex cell walls with thin layer of peptidoglycan but with lipopolysaccharides.
Gram-negative bacteria
47
peptidoglycan is only found in ____
bacteria
48
aka endotoxin
sticks out from the membrane in gram-negative staining
Lipopolysaccharide
49
interferes with synthesis of peptidoglycan
Penicillin
50
purpose of an endospore
survival not reproductive
51
bacillus is ____ bacteria
aerobic
52
clostridium is ____ bacteria
Anaerobic
53
what resistance forms can be absolute and still have resistance?
desiccation
low temperatures
54
Anthrax (Wool Sorter's Disease)
Bacillus anthracis
55
causes gas gangrene
Clostridium perfringens
56
causes tetanus ("lock jaw")
third deadliest toxin known
Clostridium tetani
57
causes botulism (food poisoning)
botox
deadliest toxin known
reason why honey is not fed to infants
Clostridium botulinum
58
does not require an organism to be present
Clostridium botulinum
59
second deadliest toxin
Diptheria toxin
60
4 atypical bacteria
Rickettsiae
Chlamydiae
Mycoplasmas
Actinomycetes
61
obligate intracellular parasites
rocky mountain spotted fever
spread by ticks
Rickettsiae
62
obligate intracellular parasites
trachoma
number 1 STD
spread by direct human contact
chlamydiae
63
bacteria that naturally lack a cell wall
smallest known living cells
mycoplasmas
64
Mold-like in appearance
Streptomyces (produce antibiotics)
Actinomycetes
65
prokaryotes divide by _____
eukaryotes divide through ____
binary fission
involves mitosis
66
Bacteria have ___ linkages in cell membrane lipids
Archaea have ___ linkages in cell membrane lipids
ester
ether
67
3 eukaryotic microorganisms
fungi, protozoa, algae
68
Molds are often ____cellular
Yeasts are ____cellular
multi / uni
69
Molds are ___ bacteria
Yeasts are ____ bacteria
aerobic / facultative anaerobic
70
fungus-like protist that moves like protozoa and is important in the decay process
slime mold
71
3 types of protozoa
pseudopodia (amoeba)
flagella (euglena)
cilia (paramecium)
72
importance of protozoa
food chain
diseases
73
organisms that perform oxygen-evolving photosynthesis and possess chloroplasts
algae
74
algae can cause a few diseases like ____
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (red tide)
75
HIV is an exception to Koch's Postulates because
it does not cause AIDS in an experimental host
76
bacterial structures that have to do with attachment include
Capsules and Fimbriae
77
after the gram stain procedure, gram positive and negative is obvious after ___
application of safranin
78
the structure that is required for disease to occur specifically pneumonia or dental cavitites is a
capsule
79
the shape and arrangement of bacteria associated with the normal bacteria growing on human skin and MRSA is
Staphylococci
80
bacteria that causes syphillis and lyme disease
spirochetes
81
barrier function of the cell membrane is because of
lipids
82
cyanobacteria are not algae because
do not have chlororplasts
83
Protozoa motility structures include
cilia and pseudopodia
84
the most abundant life forms on Earth, the Archaea are mostly _____
Anaerobic
85
movement in most motile prokaryotes is due to
flagella
86
required by streptococcus pneumonia to cause disease
bacterial capsule
87
which part of the salmonella cell is responsible for inducing the symptoms of food poisoning?
Lipopolysaccharide
88
ectoplasm is found in the organism taht causes ___
malaria
89
all molds can use spores for ____
reproduction
90
some bacteria use endospores for ____ while all molds use spores for _____
survival / reproduction
91
molds require the following for growth
water
organic matter
aerobic conditions
92
penicillin is produced by
a mold
93
all algae produce ___ __ and some are ____
molecular oxygen / toxic
94
what bacteria is motile?
spirilla
95
distinguishing factors of protozoa
ectoplasm and endoplasm
96
all have pigments
have some members that are motile
have some members that can cause disease in humans
algae
97
who coined the terms aerobic and anaerobic?
louis pasteur
98
can cause the immune system to create symptoms that may lead to death
Lipopolysaccharide
99
the most critical step in gram staining is ___
decolorization
100
disease common during the civil war and often requires amputation for survival
Clostridium perfringens
101
- bacteria can cause blindness in humans
Chlamydia
102
responsible for producing many of the vitamins that we find in health food stores
yeasts
103
the disease casued by C. botulinum is an _____
intoxication
104
protozans can be differentiated from other eukaryotes based on their...
cytoplasms
105
important diseases caused by protozoans are
Malaria and amoebic dysentery
