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lecture exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.

A

innate (natural) immunity

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2
Q
  • skin
  • mucous membranes and their secretions
  • normal microbiota
A

first line of defense of immunity

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3
Q
  • phagocytes
  • inflammation
  • fever
  • antimicrobials
A

second line of defense of immunity

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4
Q
  • specialized lymphocytes (T and B cells)
  • antibodies
A

third line of defense of immunity

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5
Q

The first and second line of defense of immunity is considered ____ immunity

A

innate

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6
Q

The third line of defense of immunity is considered ____ immunity

A

adaptive

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7
Q

A cell within the body can engulf and absorb bacteria and other small cells and particles.

A

Phagocytes

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8
Q

examples of phagocytes (2)

A

macrophages and neutrophils

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9
Q

the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them

A

adaptive (acquired) immunity

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10
Q

The third line of defense is made up of ____ and ____ immunity

A

humoral / cellular

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11
Q

ability to ward off disease

A

immunity

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12
Q

lack of resistance to a disease

A

susceptibility

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13
Q

defenses against any pathogen; rapid, present at birth

A

innate immunity

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14
Q

immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen; slower to respond, has memory component

A

adaptive immunity

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15
Q

blood cell formation; process begins in red bone marrow with a pluripotent stem cell

A

Hematopoiesis

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16
Q

white blood cells, fight infection

A

Leukocytes

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17
Q

3 types of leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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18
Q

A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.

Function: phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils

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19
Q

A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.

A

Basophils

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20
Q

leukocyte that produces toxic proteins against certain parasites

A

Eosinophils

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21
Q

An agranular leukocyte is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.

A

Monocytes

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22
Q

An agranular leukocyte that performs phagocytosis and initiation of adaptive immunity responses

A

dendritic cells

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23
Q

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

A

Lymphocytes

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24
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A

B cells & T cells

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25
Q

A lymphocyte that destroys target cells by cytolysis and apoptosis

A

natural killer cells

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26
Q

produce antibodies

A

B cells

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27
Q

used in cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells

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28
Q

What are 2 major phagocytic cells in the body?

A

macrophage & neutrophil

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29
Q

Predominant neutrophil in the blood that removes invaders

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

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30
Q

Blood flow increases to the injured area to deliver ____ and phagocytize the bacteria by bringing in phagocytic cells (macrophage/neutrophils)

A

WBC

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31
Q

Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.

A

Macrophages

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32
Q

most powerful phagocyte in body

A

macrophage

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33
Q

ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans

A

Phagocytosis

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34
Q

chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms

A

Chemotaxis

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35
Q

attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism

A

adherence

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36
Q

an immune process that uses antibodies to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes
- Microorganism is coated with serum proteins, making ingestion easier

A

Opsonization

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37
Q

Intracellular vesicle formed by fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome, in which the phagocytosed material is broken down by degradative lysosomal enzymes.

A

phagolysosome

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38
Q
  • chemotaxis
  • adherence
  • ingestion
  • digestion
A

mechanisms of phagocytosis

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39
Q
  1. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
  2. Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
  3. Formation of a phagosome
  4. Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
  5. Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
  6. Formation of the residual body containing indigestible material
  7. Discharge of waste materials
A

phases of phagocytosis

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40
Q

H2O2 (cytoplasm) + Myeloperoxidase (lysosome) + Cl- —> ClO- (hypochlorite)

A

mechanism of killing

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41
Q

genetic disorder that cannot phagocytize to make hydrogen peroxide and has repeated bacterial infections because they cannot kill microorganisms

A

Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)

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42
Q

______ _____ lives in the phagocytic cell and is ingested but not digested so it is hard to treat

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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43
Q

has vaccine substance on surface and is hard to treat

A

Mycobacterium leprae

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44
Q
  • viruses
  • gram-negative bacteria
  • toxins (endotoxins)
A

3 factors that stimulate a fever response

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45
Q

Why is a fever good?

A

it indicates that something is wrong

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46
Q

What produces cytokines?

A

macrophages

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47
Q

The ____ before a fever is the kinetic energy to raise the body temperate

A

chills

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48
Q

When you sweat when you have a fever that means your fever is ____ because the liquid is ____ the body down

A

breaking/cooling

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49
Q

How endotoxins cause fever:
- Macrophage ingests a gram ____ bacteria
- bacteria degrades and releases ___ than induce macrophages to produce cytokines
- cytokines are released into the bloodstream by the ___
- cytokines induce ____ to produce prostaglandins to produce fever

A

negative; endotoxins; macrophages; hypothalamus

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50
Q

serum proteins produced by the liver that enhances the immune system in destroying microbes
- serum proteins act in a cascade

A

complement system

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51
Q

In the complement system, proteins are designated with uppercase ____ and numbered in order of discovery
- activated fragments are indicated with a lowercase ___ and ____

A

C / a / b

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52
Q

The complement system is important is ____ and ____ immunity

A

specific and nonspecific

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53
Q

Cytokines produced by cells; have antiviral activity

A

Interferons

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54
Q

Produced by cells in response to viral infections; cause neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins (AVPs) that inhibit viral replication

A

IFN-alpha and IFN-beta

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55
Q

causes neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria

A

IFN-gamma (y)

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56
Q

The cell has to be infected with a virus to be stimulated to make ____

A

interferons

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57
Q

_______ proteins are combined in nonspecific immunity

A

iron-binding proteins

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58
Q
  • transferrin
  • lactoferrin
  • ferritin
  • hemoglobin
A

4 types of iron-binding proteins

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59
Q

an iron-binding protein that is found in blood and tissue fluids

A

Transferrin

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60
Q

found in milk, saliva, and mucus

A

Lactoferrin

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61
Q

an iron-binding protein that is found in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow

A

Ferritin

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62
Q

located in red blood cells

A

Hemoglobin

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63
Q

proteins secreted by pathogens that bind iron more tightly than host cells and compete with iron binding proteins

A

Siderophores

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64
Q

Antimicrobial peptides are involved in ____ immunity

A

nonspecific

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65
Q

Short peptides produced in response to protein and sugar molecules on microbes
- Inhibit cell wall synthesis
- Form pores in the plasma membrane
- Broad-spectrum of activity

A

antimicrobial peptides

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66
Q
  • resistance to a specific invader
  • body reacts against non-self, but not self
A

specific (adaptive) immunity

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67
Q

humoral and cell-mediated

A

2 types of specific immunity

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68
Q

Humoral immunity involves ____
Cellular immunity involves ____

A

antibodies; cells

69
Q

specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids

A

humoral immunity

70
Q

the immune response that relies on T cells to destroy infected body cells

A

cellular immunity

71
Q

Cellular immunity attempts to kill ___ cells and is ___ than humoral immunity

A

cancer / stronger

72
Q

foreign material capable of inducing a specific immune response

A

Antigen

73
Q
  • foreign to host
  • a reasonably large molecule
  • usually proteins/polysaccharides
A

Properties of antigens

74
Q

Antibodies can be antigens as long as they are ___ to the host

A

foreign

75
Q

protein molecules synthesized in response to the presence of antigen, which once formed, combine with the antigen

A

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

76
Q

defenses that target a specific pathogen

A

adaptive immunity

77
Q

specific immunity = ___ immunity

A

adaptive immunity

78
Q

Adaptive immunity is acquired through ____ or ____

A

infection / vaccination

79
Q

first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance

A

primary response

80
Q

later interactions with the same foreign substance; faster and more effective due to “memory”

A

secondary response

81
Q

to create primary response so after the immune system will relay faster second response

A

Key to vaccination

82
Q

If bacteria invade the body, the humoral immune system will recognize antigens and produce antibodies that are specific to _____

A

epitopes

83
Q

A small, accessible region of an antigen to which an antigen receptor or antibody binds

A

epitope

84
Q

An epitope alone cannot be antigen because they are too _____ so they would not provide a response

A

small

85
Q

most common antibody in the blood (serum)
- passes placenta
- fixes complement

A

IgG

86
Q

fixes complement

A

IgM

87
Q

secretions (breast milk, saliva, sweat)

A

IgA

88
Q

allergic reactions

A

IgE

89
Q

antibodies that fix complements

A

IgG and IgM

90
Q

small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen

A

Hapten

91
Q

A hapten is not an ____ but when it binds to a carrier molecule it is antigenic

A

antigen

92
Q

Haptens bind to antibodies after the ___ response

A

primary

93
Q

When B cells bind to a pathogen, it replicates into plasma cells that produce the proper antibody for that pathogen

A

How antibodies are made

94
Q

Specific immunity involves ___ cells and ___ cells

A

B / T

95
Q

Both T and B cells are made from ?

A

stem cells in red bone marrow

96
Q

cell that is a part of humoral and cellular immunity

A

T cell

97
Q

target cell of HIV / AIDS

A

T cell

98
Q

Group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances.

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

99
Q

found on cell membranes of mammalian cells, identify self and participates in cellular immunity

A

MHC class I

100
Q

exist only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (phagocytic cells that introduce antigens to B cells)

A

MHC class II

101
Q

How long does it take for an immune response?

A

7-10 days

102
Q

Why are there more antibodies in the secondary response?

A

memory B cells recall the foreign particles and can fight them off

103
Q
  • Any response to an antigen after the primary response
  • Due to memory B cells
A

anamnestic response

104
Q
  • agglutination
  • activation of complement
  • opsonization
  • neutralization
A

protective mechanism of bonding antibodies to antigens

105
Q

Clumping of microorganisms or blood cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody interaction.
- reduces number of infectious units for host to deal with

A

Agglutination

106
Q

coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis

A

Opsonization

107
Q

blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa, blocks attachment of toxin

A

Neutralization

108
Q

a B cell that has been harvested and will produce several antibodies (clones) for one specific target

A

monoclonal antibodies

109
Q

naturally acquired and artificially acquired

A

types of adaptive immunity

110
Q

antibodies involved in natural passive immunity

A

IgG and IgA

111
Q

Type of adaptive immunity:

Antigens enter the body naturally; the body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

A

naturally acquired active immunity

112
Q

Type of adaptive immunity:

Antibodies are passed from mother to fetus via the placenta and breast milk

A

naturally acquired passive immunity

113
Q

Type of adaptive immunity:

Antigens are introduced in vaccines; the body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

A

artificially acquired active immunity

114
Q

Type of adaptive immunity:

Preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection (immediate infection)

A

artificially acquired passive immunity

115
Q
  • killed or attenuated bacteria
  • microbial components
  • toxoids
  • recombinant
  • nucleic acid
A

Artificial active immunity: Vaccine possibilities

116
Q

reminds the immune system of the antigen by injecting inactivated toxins

A

booster shot

117
Q

chemical put in vaccine and keeps antigen there longer to have better immune response

A

adjuvant

118
Q

mRNA codes for spike proteins of antigen and body makes antigen (still considered foreign because not born with it)

A

nucleic acid vaccines

119
Q
  • Not used much today because of antibiotics
  • Used mainly to prevent disease following exposure
  • Source: horse and pooled human
  • Lasts 4-6 weeks
  • Possible side effect: serum sickness
A

antisera

120
Q

allergies and autoimmunity

A

Hypersensitivity reactions

121
Q

IgE mediated hypersensitivity
Ex: anaphylaxis

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity

122
Q

Cytotoxic ANTIBODY mediated cell destruction
- Ex: transfusion reactions, Rh incompatibility

A

Type 2 hypersensitivity

123
Q

Immune Complexes of Antigen and Antibody
- Ex: Serum sickness

A

Type 3 hypersensitivity

124
Q

Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (24-48 hours)
T-cell and Macrophage mediated.
- Ex: Tuberculosis, contact dermatitis (poison ivy), & rejection of transplanted tissues

A

Type 4 hypersensitivity

125
Q

humoral immunity hypersensitivity reactions

A

Type 1, 2, 3

126
Q

cell mediated immunity hypersensitivity reactions

A

Type 4

127
Q

A severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly, and without help, the patient can die within a few minutes.

A

Anaphylaxis

128
Q

The first time the body encounters an allergen, it produces a primary response and comes in contact with ____ and will not know about the response for 7-10 days and it is gone by then

A

IgE

129
Q

disaccharide that is not found in primates but found in red meat

A

Alphagal

130
Q

when they bite it injects alpha-gal into the body
- cannot eat red meat without having an allergic response

A

Lone Star Tick

131
Q

allergy shots
- induce production of blocking IgG

A

Desensitization

132
Q

antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive individuals

A

Rh factor

133
Q

___% of people have an Rh factor

A

85

134
Q

Rh___ can accept positive or negative
Rh___ can accept only negative

A

positive / negative

135
Q

This disease occurs in the fetus if the fetus is Rh+ while the mother is Rh-.

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn

136
Q
  • immediately after each birth
  • anti - Rh antibody
  • neutralizes Rh factor before it causes a primary humoral response
A

RhoGAM

137
Q

immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity that occurs in joints by making IgM against your own IgG and forms complements in joints

A

rheumatoid arthritis

138
Q

one may obtain this when one does not take care of teeth and bacteria that is in dental cavity will take over and immune system makes antibodies against streptococci which resembles parts of the heart and antibodies attack heart

A

rheumatic fever

139
Q

a disease in which the immune system attacks the organism’s own cells

A

autoimmune disease

140
Q

2 examples of humoral autoimmune diseases

A

lupus and rheumatoid arthritis

141
Q

when immune system attacks tissues and DNA causing redness, pain, swelling, and damage

A

lupus

142
Q

cell-mediated autoimmune diseases

A

multiple sclerosis

143
Q

immune system attacks myelin sheath of nerve cells

A

multiple sclerosis

144
Q

T cell is responsible in cellular immunity for killing ____ cells and ____ cells

A

viral / cancer

145
Q

skin graft from a person’s own body

A

autograft

146
Q

transplant between identical twins

A

Isograft

147
Q

skin graft from another person or a cadaver

A

allograft

148
Q

skin transplant taken from a species other than the patient’s

A

xenograft

149
Q

grafts that are usually rejected

A

allograft and xenograft

150
Q

suppression of the cellular immune response by an outside agent, such as a drug

A

immunosuppression

151
Q

given to suppress immune system and helps accepts grafts

A

Cyclosporine

152
Q

____ transmission is the most common transmission of AIDS

A

Heterosexual

153
Q

french Canadian flight attendant

A

patient zero for AIDS

154
Q

An RNA virus reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an inportant class of cancer-causing viruses.

Example: HIV

A

retro virus

155
Q
  • sexual contact
  • blood
  • mother to fetus
  • organ transplants
A

How HIV is transmitted

156
Q

How do you know you have AIDS?

A

T cell count goes below 200

157
Q

In phagocytosis, digestive enzymes are activated (degranulated) in the ____

A

phagolysosome

158
Q

A moderate fever is good because it speeds up ____ repair

A

tissue

159
Q

T cells started out as ____ cells and ended up in the lymphoid tissue

A

stem

160
Q

Antibodies are produced by ___ cells

A

plasma

161
Q

Following stimulation of a B cell by its specific antigenic fragment ___ cells and ___ cells are made

A

plasma / memory B

162
Q

Viruses can be made with _____ toxins

A

inactivated

163
Q

An immediate hypersensitivity reaction involves ____ and ____

A

IgE / histamine

164
Q

An Rh- person who has never had a transfusion _____ have anti-Rh antibodies

A

does not

165
Q

Contact dermatitis due to poison ivy is mediated by ____ cells

A

memory T

166
Q

Cellular immunity can be transferred by injection of ____

A

WBC

167
Q

Desensitization with an allergy shot works by inducing synthesis of blocking ____

A

IgG

168
Q

Serum sickness is associated with ___ immunity

A

artificial passive

169
Q

Interferon is an ___ protein

A

antiviral

MICROBIOLOGY (8 decks)

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