lecture exam 4 Flashcards
Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
innate (natural) immunity
- skin
- mucous membranes and their secretions
- normal microbiota
first line of defense of immunity
- phagocytes
- inflammation
- fever
- antimicrobials
second line of defense of immunity
- specialized lymphocytes (T and B cells)
- antibodies
third line of defense of immunity
The first and second line of defense of immunity is considered ____ immunity
innate
The third line of defense of immunity is considered ____ immunity
adaptive
A cell within the body can engulf and absorb bacteria and other small cells and particles.
Phagocytes
examples of phagocytes (2)
macrophages and neutrophils
the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
adaptive (acquired) immunity
The third line of defense is made up of ____ and ____ immunity
humoral / cellular
ability to ward off disease
immunity
lack of resistance to a disease
susceptibility
defenses against any pathogen; rapid, present at birth
innate immunity
immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen; slower to respond, has memory component
adaptive immunity
blood cell formation; process begins in red bone marrow with a pluripotent stem cell
Hematopoiesis
white blood cells, fight infection
Leukocytes
3 types of leukocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
Function: phagocytosis
Neutrophils
A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.
Basophils
leukocyte that produces toxic proteins against certain parasites
Eosinophils
An agranular leukocyte is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.
Monocytes
An agranular leukocyte that performs phagocytosis and initiation of adaptive immunity responses
dendritic cells
A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections
Lymphocytes
2 types of lymphocytes
B cells & T cells
A lymphocyte that destroys target cells by cytolysis and apoptosis
natural killer cells
produce antibodies
B cells
used in cell-mediated immunity
T cells
What are 2 major phagocytic cells in the body?
macrophage & neutrophil
Predominant neutrophil in the blood that removes invaders
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Blood flow increases to the injured area to deliver ____ and phagocytize the bacteria by bringing in phagocytic cells (macrophage/neutrophils)
WBC
Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.
Macrophages
most powerful phagocyte in body
macrophage
ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans
Phagocytosis
chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms
Chemotaxis
attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism
adherence
an immune process that uses antibodies to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes
- Microorganism is coated with serum proteins, making ingestion easier
Opsonization
Intracellular vesicle formed by fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome, in which the phagocytosed material is broken down by degradative lysosomal enzymes.
phagolysosome
- chemotaxis
- adherence
- ingestion
- digestion
mechanisms of phagocytosis
- Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
- Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
- Formation of a phagosome
- Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
- Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
- Formation of the residual body containing indigestible material
- Discharge of waste materials
phases of phagocytosis
H2O2 (cytoplasm) + Myeloperoxidase (lysosome) + Cl- —> ClO- (hypochlorite)
mechanism of killing
genetic disorder that cannot phagocytize to make hydrogen peroxide and has repeated bacterial infections because they cannot kill microorganisms
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
______ _____ lives in the phagocytic cell and is ingested but not digested so it is hard to treat
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
has vaccine substance on surface and is hard to treat
Mycobacterium leprae
- viruses
- gram-negative bacteria
- toxins (endotoxins)
3 factors that stimulate a fever response
Why is a fever good?
it indicates that something is wrong
What produces cytokines?
macrophages
The ____ before a fever is the kinetic energy to raise the body temperate
chills
When you sweat when you have a fever that means your fever is ____ because the liquid is ____ the body down
breaking/cooling
How endotoxins cause fever:
- Macrophage ingests a gram ____ bacteria
- bacteria degrades and releases ___ than induce macrophages to produce cytokines
- cytokines are released into the bloodstream by the ___
- cytokines induce ____ to produce prostaglandins to produce fever
negative; endotoxins; macrophages; hypothalamus
serum proteins produced by the liver that enhances the immune system in destroying microbes
- serum proteins act in a cascade
complement system
In the complement system, proteins are designated with uppercase ____ and numbered in order of discovery
- activated fragments are indicated with a lowercase ___ and ____
C / a / b
The complement system is important is ____ and ____ immunity
specific and nonspecific
Cytokines produced by cells; have antiviral activity
Interferons
Produced by cells in response to viral infections; cause neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins (AVPs) that inhibit viral replication
IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
causes neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria
IFN-gamma (y)
The cell has to be infected with a virus to be stimulated to make ____
interferons
_______ proteins are combined in nonspecific immunity
iron-binding proteins
- transferrin
- lactoferrin
- ferritin
- hemoglobin
4 types of iron-binding proteins
an iron-binding protein that is found in blood and tissue fluids
Transferrin
found in milk, saliva, and mucus
Lactoferrin
an iron-binding protein that is found in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
Ferritin
located in red blood cells
Hemoglobin
proteins secreted by pathogens that bind iron more tightly than host cells and compete with iron binding proteins
Siderophores
Antimicrobial peptides are involved in ____ immunity
nonspecific
Short peptides produced in response to protein and sugar molecules on microbes
- Inhibit cell wall synthesis
- Form pores in the plasma membrane
- Broad-spectrum of activity
antimicrobial peptides
- resistance to a specific invader
- body reacts against non-self, but not self
specific (adaptive) immunity
humoral and cell-mediated
2 types of specific immunity
Humoral immunity involves ____
Cellular immunity involves ____
antibodies; cells
specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids
humoral immunity
the immune response that relies on T cells to destroy infected body cells
cellular immunity
Cellular immunity attempts to kill ___ cells and is ___ than humoral immunity
cancer / stronger
foreign material capable of inducing a specific immune response
Antigen
- foreign to host
- a reasonably large molecule
- usually proteins/polysaccharides
Properties of antigens
Antibodies can be antigens as long as they are ___ to the host
foreign
protein molecules synthesized in response to the presence of antigen, which once formed, combine with the antigen
Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
defenses that target a specific pathogen
adaptive immunity
specific immunity = ___ immunity
adaptive immunity
Adaptive immunity is acquired through ____ or ____
infection / vaccination
first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance
primary response
later interactions with the same foreign substance; faster and more effective due to “memory”
secondary response
to create primary response so after the immune system will relay faster second response
Key to vaccination
If bacteria invade the body, the humoral immune system will recognize antigens and produce antibodies that are specific to _____
epitopes
A small, accessible region of an antigen to which an antigen receptor or antibody binds
epitope
An epitope alone cannot be antigen because they are too _____ so they would not provide a response
small
most common antibody in the blood (serum)
- passes placenta
- fixes complement
IgG
fixes complement
IgM
secretions (breast milk, saliva, sweat)
IgA
allergic reactions
IgE
antibodies that fix complements
IgG and IgM
small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen
Hapten
A hapten is not an ____ but when it binds to a carrier molecule it is antigenic
antigen
Haptens bind to antibodies after the ___ response
primary
When B cells bind to a pathogen, it replicates into plasma cells that produce the proper antibody for that pathogen
How antibodies are made
Specific immunity involves ___ cells and ___ cells
B / T
Both T and B cells are made from ?
stem cells in red bone marrow
cell that is a part of humoral and cellular immunity
T cell
target cell of HIV / AIDS
T cell
Group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
found on cell membranes of mammalian cells, identify self and participates in cellular immunity
MHC class I
exist only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (phagocytic cells that introduce antigens to B cells)
MHC class II
How long does it take for an immune response?
7-10 days
Why are there more antibodies in the secondary response?
memory B cells recall the foreign particles and can fight them off
- Any response to an antigen after the primary response
- Due to memory B cells
anamnestic response
- agglutination
- activation of complement
- opsonization
- neutralization
protective mechanism of bonding antibodies to antigens
Clumping of microorganisms or blood cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody interaction.
- reduces number of infectious units for host to deal with
Agglutination
coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis
Opsonization
blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa, blocks attachment of toxin
Neutralization
a B cell that has been harvested and will produce several antibodies (clones) for one specific target
monoclonal antibodies
naturally acquired and artificially acquired
types of adaptive immunity
antibodies involved in natural passive immunity
IgG and IgA
Type of adaptive immunity:
Antigens enter the body naturally; the body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
naturally acquired active immunity
Type of adaptive immunity:
Antibodies are passed from mother to fetus via the placenta and breast milk
naturally acquired passive immunity
Type of adaptive immunity:
Antigens are introduced in vaccines; the body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
artificially acquired active immunity
Type of adaptive immunity:
Preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection (immediate infection)
artificially acquired passive immunity
- killed or attenuated bacteria
- microbial components
- toxoids
- recombinant
- nucleic acid
Artificial active immunity: Vaccine possibilities
reminds the immune system of the antigen by injecting inactivated toxins
booster shot
chemical put in vaccine and keeps antigen there longer to have better immune response
adjuvant
mRNA codes for spike proteins of antigen and body makes antigen (still considered foreign because not born with it)
nucleic acid vaccines
- Not used much today because of antibiotics
- Used mainly to prevent disease following exposure
- Source: horse and pooled human
- Lasts 4-6 weeks
- Possible side effect: serum sickness
antisera
allergies and autoimmunity
Hypersensitivity reactions
IgE mediated hypersensitivity
Ex: anaphylaxis
Type 1 hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic ANTIBODY mediated cell destruction
- Ex: transfusion reactions, Rh incompatibility
Type 2 hypersensitivity
Immune Complexes of Antigen and Antibody
- Ex: Serum sickness
Type 3 hypersensitivity
Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (24-48 hours)
T-cell and Macrophage mediated.
- Ex: Tuberculosis, contact dermatitis (poison ivy), & rejection of transplanted tissues
Type 4 hypersensitivity
humoral immunity hypersensitivity reactions
Type 1, 2, 3
cell mediated immunity hypersensitivity reactions
Type 4
A severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly, and without help, the patient can die within a few minutes.
Anaphylaxis
The first time the body encounters an allergen, it produces a primary response and comes in contact with ____ and will not know about the response for 7-10 days and it is gone by then
IgE
disaccharide that is not found in primates but found in red meat
Alphagal
when they bite it injects alpha-gal into the body
- cannot eat red meat without having an allergic response
Lone Star Tick
allergy shots
- induce production of blocking IgG
Desensitization
antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive individuals
Rh factor
___% of people have an Rh factor
85
Rh___ can accept positive or negative
Rh___ can accept only negative
positive / negative
This disease occurs in the fetus if the fetus is Rh+ while the mother is Rh-.
hemolytic disease of the newborn
- immediately after each birth
- anti - Rh antibody
- neutralizes Rh factor before it causes a primary humoral response
RhoGAM
immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity that occurs in joints by making IgM against your own IgG and forms complements in joints
rheumatoid arthritis
one may obtain this when one does not take care of teeth and bacteria that is in dental cavity will take over and immune system makes antibodies against streptococci which resembles parts of the heart and antibodies attack heart
rheumatic fever
a disease in which the immune system attacks the organism’s own cells
autoimmune disease
2 examples of humoral autoimmune diseases
lupus and rheumatoid arthritis
when immune system attacks tissues and DNA causing redness, pain, swelling, and damage
lupus
cell-mediated autoimmune diseases
multiple sclerosis
immune system attacks myelin sheath of nerve cells
multiple sclerosis
T cell is responsible in cellular immunity for killing ____ cells and ____ cells
viral / cancer
skin graft from a person’s own body
autograft
transplant between identical twins
Isograft
skin graft from another person or a cadaver
allograft
skin transplant taken from a species other than the patient’s
xenograft
grafts that are usually rejected
allograft and xenograft
suppression of the cellular immune response by an outside agent, such as a drug
immunosuppression
given to suppress immune system and helps accepts grafts
Cyclosporine
____ transmission is the most common transmission of AIDS
Heterosexual
french Canadian flight attendant
patient zero for AIDS
An RNA virus reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an inportant class of cancer-causing viruses.
Example: HIV
retro virus
- sexual contact
- blood
- mother to fetus
- organ transplants
How HIV is transmitted
How do you know you have AIDS?
T cell count goes below 200
In phagocytosis, digestive enzymes are activated (degranulated) in the ____
phagolysosome
A moderate fever is good because it speeds up ____ repair
tissue
T cells started out as ____ cells and ended up in the lymphoid tissue
stem
Antibodies are produced by ___ cells
plasma
Following stimulation of a B cell by its specific antigenic fragment ___ cells and ___ cells are made
plasma / memory B
Viruses can be made with _____ toxins
inactivated
An immediate hypersensitivity reaction involves ____ and ____
IgE / histamine
An Rh- person who has never had a transfusion _____ have anti-Rh antibodies
does not
Contact dermatitis due to poison ivy is mediated by ____ cells
memory T
Cellular immunity can be transferred by injection of ____
WBC
Desensitization with an allergy shot works by inducing synthesis of blocking ____
IgG
Serum sickness is associated with ___ immunity
artificial passive
Interferon is an ___ protein
antiviral
