lecture exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
A
innate (natural) immunity
2
Q
- skin
- mucous membranes and their secretions
- normal microbiota
A
first line of defense of immunity
3
Q
- phagocytes
- inflammation
- fever
- antimicrobials
A
second line of defense of immunity
4
Q
- specialized lymphocytes (T and B cells)
- antibodies
A
third line of defense of immunity
5
Q
The first and second line of defense of immunity is considered ____ immunity
A
innate
6
Q
The third line of defense of immunity is considered ____ immunity
A
adaptive
7
Q
A cell within the body can engulf and absorb bacteria and other small cells and particles.
A
Phagocytes
8
Q
examples of phagocytes (2)
A
macrophages and neutrophils
9
Q
the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
A
adaptive (acquired) immunity
10
Q
The third line of defense is made up of ____ and ____ immunity
A
humoral / cellular
11
Q
ability to ward off disease
A
immunity
12
Q
lack of resistance to a disease
A
susceptibility
13
Q
defenses against any pathogen; rapid, present at birth
A
innate immunity
14
Q
immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen; slower to respond, has memory component
A
adaptive immunity
15
Q
blood cell formation; process begins in red bone marrow with a pluripotent stem cell
A
Hematopoiesis
16
Q
white blood cells, fight infection
A
Leukocytes
17
Q
3 types of leukocytes
A
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
18
Q
A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
Function: phagocytosis
A
Neutrophils
19
Q
A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.
A
Basophils
20
Q
leukocyte that produces toxic proteins against certain parasites
A
Eosinophils
21
Q
An agranular leukocyte is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.
A
Monocytes
22
Q
An agranular leukocyte that performs phagocytosis and initiation of adaptive immunity responses
A
dendritic cells
23
Q
A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections
A
Lymphocytes
24
Q
2 types of lymphocytes
A
B cells & T cells
25
A lymphocyte that destroys target cells by cytolysis and apoptosis
natural killer cells
26
produce antibodies
B cells
27
used in cell-mediated immunity
T cells
28
What are 2 major phagocytic cells in the body?
macrophage & neutrophil
29
Predominant neutrophil in the blood that removes invaders
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
30
Blood flow increases to the injured area to deliver ____ and phagocytize the bacteria by bringing in phagocytic cells (macrophage/neutrophils)
WBC
31
Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.
Macrophages
32
most powerful phagocyte in body
macrophage
33
ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans
Phagocytosis
34
chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms
Chemotaxis
35
attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism
adherence
36
an immune process that uses antibodies to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes
- Microorganism is coated with serum proteins, making ingestion easier
Opsonization
37
Intracellular vesicle formed by fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome, in which the phagocytosed material is broken down by degradative lysosomal enzymes.
phagolysosome
38
- chemotaxis
- adherence
- ingestion
- digestion
mechanisms of phagocytosis
39
1. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
2. Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
3. Formation of a phagosome
4. Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
5. Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
6. Formation of the residual body containing indigestible material
7. Discharge of waste materials
phases of phagocytosis
40
H2O2 (cytoplasm) + Myeloperoxidase (lysosome) + Cl- ---> ClO- (hypochlorite)
mechanism of killing
41
genetic disorder that cannot phagocytize to make hydrogen peroxide and has repeated bacterial infections because they cannot kill microorganisms
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
42
______ _____ lives in the phagocytic cell and is ingested but not digested so it is hard to treat
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
43
has vaccine substance on surface and is hard to treat
Mycobacterium leprae
44
- viruses
- gram-negative bacteria
- toxins (endotoxins)
3 factors that stimulate a fever response
45
Why is a fever good?
it indicates that something is wrong
46
What produces cytokines?
macrophages
47
The ____ before a fever is the kinetic energy to raise the body temperate
chills
48
When you sweat when you have a fever that means your fever is ____ because the liquid is ____ the body down
breaking/cooling
49
How endotoxins cause fever:
- Macrophage ingests a gram ____ bacteria
- bacteria degrades and releases ___ than induce macrophages to produce cytokines
- cytokines are released into the bloodstream by the ___
- cytokines induce ____ to produce prostaglandins to produce fever
negative; endotoxins; macrophages; hypothalamus
50
serum proteins produced by the liver that enhances the immune system in destroying microbes
- serum proteins act in a cascade
complement system
51
In the complement system, proteins are designated with uppercase ____ and numbered in order of discovery
- activated fragments are indicated with a lowercase ___ and ____
C / a / b
52
The complement system is important is ____ and ____ immunity
specific and nonspecific
53
Cytokines produced by cells; have antiviral activity
Interferons
54
Produced by cells in response to viral infections; cause neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins (AVPs) that inhibit viral replication
IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
55
causes neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria
IFN-gamma (y)
56
The cell has to be infected with a virus to be stimulated to make ____
interferons
57
_______ proteins are combined in nonspecific immunity
iron-binding proteins
58
- transferrin
- lactoferrin
- ferritin
- hemoglobin
4 types of iron-binding proteins
59
an iron-binding protein that is found in blood and tissue fluids
Transferrin
60
found in milk, saliva, and mucus
Lactoferrin
61
an iron-binding protein that is found in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
Ferritin
62
located in red blood cells
Hemoglobin
63
proteins secreted by pathogens that bind iron more tightly than host cells and compete with iron binding proteins
Siderophores
64
Antimicrobial peptides are involved in ____ immunity
nonspecific
65
Short peptides produced in response to protein and sugar molecules on microbes
- Inhibit cell wall synthesis
- Form pores in the plasma membrane
- Broad-spectrum of activity
antimicrobial peptides
66
- resistance to a specific invader
- body reacts against non-self, but not self
specific (adaptive) immunity
67
humoral and cell-mediated
2 types of specific immunity
68
Humoral immunity involves ____
Cellular immunity involves ____
antibodies; cells
69
specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids
humoral immunity
70
the immune response that relies on T cells to destroy infected body cells
cellular immunity
71
Cellular immunity attempts to kill ___ cells and is ___ than humoral immunity
cancer / stronger
72
foreign material capable of inducing a specific immune response
Antigen
73
- foreign to host
- a reasonably large molecule
- usually proteins/polysaccharides
Properties of antigens
74
Antibodies can be antigens as long as they are ___ to the host
foreign
75
protein molecules synthesized in response to the presence of antigen, which once formed, combine with the antigen
Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
76
defenses that target a specific pathogen
adaptive immunity
77
specific immunity = ___ immunity
adaptive immunity
78
Adaptive immunity is acquired through ____ or ____
infection / vaccination
79
first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance
primary response
80
later interactions with the same foreign substance; faster and more effective due to "memory"
secondary response
81
to create primary response so after the immune system will relay faster second response
Key to vaccination
82
If bacteria invade the body, the humoral immune system will recognize antigens and produce antibodies that are specific to _____
epitopes
83
A small, accessible region of an antigen to which an antigen receptor or antibody binds
epitope
84
An epitope alone cannot be antigen because they are too _____ so they would not provide a response
small
85
most common antibody in the blood (serum)
- passes placenta
- fixes complement
IgG
86
fixes complement
IgM
87
secretions (breast milk, saliva, sweat)
IgA
88
allergic reactions
IgE
89
antibodies that fix complements
IgG and IgM
90
small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen
Hapten
91
A hapten is not an ____ but when it binds to a carrier molecule it is antigenic
antigen
92
Haptens bind to antibodies after the ___ response
primary
93
When B cells bind to a pathogen, it replicates into plasma cells that produce the proper antibody for that pathogen
How antibodies are made
94
Specific immunity involves ___ cells and ___ cells
B / T
95
Both T and B cells are made from ?
stem cells in red bone marrow
96
cell that is a part of humoral and cellular immunity
T cell
97
target cell of HIV / AIDS
T cell
98
Group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
99
found on cell membranes of mammalian cells, identify self and participates in cellular immunity
MHC class I
100
exist only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (phagocytic cells that introduce antigens to B cells)
MHC class II
101
How long does it take for an immune response?
7-10 days
102
Why are there more antibodies in the secondary response?
memory B cells recall the foreign particles and can fight them off
103
- Any response to an antigen after the primary response
- Due to memory B cells
anamnestic response
104
- agglutination
- activation of complement
- opsonization
- neutralization
protective mechanism of bonding antibodies to antigens
105
Clumping of microorganisms or blood cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody interaction.
- reduces number of infectious units for host to deal with
Agglutination
106
coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis
Opsonization
107
blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa, blocks attachment of toxin
Neutralization
108
a B cell that has been harvested and will produce several antibodies (clones) for one specific target
monoclonal antibodies
109
naturally acquired and artificially acquired
types of adaptive immunity
110
antibodies involved in natural passive immunity
IgG and IgA
111
Type of adaptive immunity:
Antigens enter the body naturally; the body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
naturally acquired active immunity
112
Type of adaptive immunity:
Antibodies are passed from mother to fetus via the placenta and breast milk
naturally acquired passive immunity
113
Type of adaptive immunity:
Antigens are introduced in vaccines; the body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
artificially acquired active immunity
114
Type of adaptive immunity:
Preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection (immediate infection)
artificially acquired passive immunity
115
- killed or attenuated bacteria
- microbial components
- toxoids
- recombinant
- nucleic acid
Artificial active immunity: Vaccine possibilities
116
reminds the immune system of the antigen by injecting inactivated toxins
booster shot
117
chemical put in vaccine and keeps antigen there longer to have better immune response
adjuvant
118
mRNA codes for spike proteins of antigen and body makes antigen (still considered foreign because not born with it)
nucleic acid vaccines
119
- Not used much today because of antibiotics
- Used mainly to prevent disease following exposure
- Source: horse and pooled human
- Lasts 4-6 weeks
- Possible side effect: serum sickness
antisera
120
allergies and autoimmunity
Hypersensitivity reactions
121
IgE mediated hypersensitivity
Ex: anaphylaxis
Type 1 hypersensitivity
122
Cytotoxic ANTIBODY mediated cell destruction
- Ex: transfusion reactions, Rh incompatibility
Type 2 hypersensitivity
123
Immune Complexes of Antigen and Antibody
- Ex: Serum sickness
Type 3 hypersensitivity
124
Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (24-48 hours)
T-cell and Macrophage mediated.
- Ex: Tuberculosis, contact dermatitis (poison ivy), & rejection of transplanted tissues
Type 4 hypersensitivity
125
humoral immunity hypersensitivity reactions
Type 1, 2, 3
126
cell mediated immunity hypersensitivity reactions
Type 4
127
A severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly, and without help, the patient can die within a few minutes.
Anaphylaxis
128
The first time the body encounters an allergen, it produces a primary response and comes in contact with ____ and will not know about the response for 7-10 days and it is gone by then
IgE
129
disaccharide that is not found in primates but found in red meat
Alphagal
130
when they bite it injects alpha-gal into the body
- cannot eat red meat without having an allergic response
Lone Star Tick
131
allergy shots
- induce production of blocking IgG
Desensitization
132
antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive individuals
Rh factor
133
___% of people have an Rh factor
85
134
Rh___ can accept positive or negative
Rh___ can accept only negative
positive / negative
135
This disease occurs in the fetus if the fetus is Rh+ while the mother is Rh-.
hemolytic disease of the newborn
136
- immediately after each birth
- anti - Rh antibody
- neutralizes Rh factor before it causes a primary humoral response
RhoGAM
137
immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity that occurs in joints by making IgM against your own IgG and forms complements in joints
rheumatoid arthritis
138
one may obtain this when one does not take care of teeth and bacteria that is in dental cavity will take over and immune system makes antibodies against streptococci which resembles parts of the heart and antibodies attack heart
rheumatic fever
139
a disease in which the immune system attacks the organism's own cells
autoimmune disease
140
2 examples of humoral autoimmune diseases
lupus and rheumatoid arthritis
141
when immune system attacks tissues and DNA causing redness, pain, swelling, and damage
lupus
142
cell-mediated autoimmune diseases
multiple sclerosis
143
immune system attacks myelin sheath of nerve cells
multiple sclerosis
144
T cell is responsible in cellular immunity for killing ____ cells and ____ cells
viral / cancer
145
skin graft from a person's own body
autograft
146
transplant between identical twins
Isograft
147
skin graft from another person or a cadaver
allograft
148
skin transplant taken from a species other than the patient's
xenograft
149
grafts that are usually rejected
allograft and xenograft
150
suppression of the cellular immune response by an outside agent, such as a drug
immunosuppression
151
given to suppress immune system and helps accepts grafts
Cyclosporine
152
____ transmission is the most common transmission of AIDS
Heterosexual
153
french Canadian flight attendant
patient zero for AIDS
154
An RNA virus reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an inportant class of cancer-causing viruses.
Example: HIV
retro virus
155
- sexual contact
- blood
- mother to fetus
- organ transplants
How HIV is transmitted
156
How do you know you have AIDS?
T cell count goes below 200
157
In phagocytosis, digestive enzymes are activated (degranulated) in the ____
phagolysosome
158
A moderate fever is good because it speeds up ____ repair
tissue
159
T cells started out as ____ cells and ended up in the lymphoid tissue
stem
160
Antibodies are produced by ___ cells
plasma
161
Following stimulation of a B cell by its specific antigenic fragment ___ cells and ___ cells are made
plasma / memory B
162
Viruses can be made with _____ toxins
inactivated
163
An immediate hypersensitivity reaction involves ____ and ____
IgE / histamine
164
An Rh- person who has never had a transfusion _____ have anti-Rh antibodies
does not
165
Contact dermatitis due to poison ivy is mediated by ____ cells
memory T
166
Cellular immunity can be transferred by injection of ____
WBC
167
Desensitization with an allergy shot works by inducing synthesis of blocking ____
IgG
168
Serum sickness is associated with ___ immunity
artificial passive
169
Interferon is an ___ protein
antiviral
