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MICROBIOLOGY > lecture exam 3 > Flashcards

lecture exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function

A

gene expression

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2
Q

A natural process in which a nucleic acid molecule (usually DNA but can be RNA) is broken and then joined to a different molecule; a result of crossing‐over.

A

gene recombination

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3
Q

genetic information can be transferred vertically to the next generations of cells

A

gene replication

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4
Q

in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new

A

semi-conservative replication

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5
Q

Developed the double helix model of DNA.

A

Watson and Crick

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6
Q

purines (double ring)

A

Adenine and Guanine

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7
Q

Guanine and cytosine make ____ H bonds
Adenine and thymine make ____ H bonds

A

3 / 2

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8
Q

in transcription, the ___ strand contains info to make RNA and is transcribed

A

master

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9
Q

type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes

A

rRNA

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10
Q

An RNA molecule that carries amino acid to the ribosome in translation

A

tRNA

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11
Q

An RNA molecule that helps decode an mRNA sequence into a protein

A

tRNA

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12
Q

A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and carries message to translate protein

A

mRNA

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13
Q
  • rRNA
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
A

types of RNA that is made in transcription

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14
Q

the ribosome demands ____ and _____

A

rRNA / protein

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15
Q

A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid

A

Codon

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16
Q

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to an mRNA codon

A

Anticodon

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17
Q

There are only codons in _______

A

mRNA

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18
Q

start codon

A

Methianine

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19
Q

specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription

A

Promoter

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20
Q

the enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template

A

RNA polymerase / transcriptase

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21
Q

A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.

A

replication fork

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22
Q

change in the DNA base sequence

A

Mutations

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23
Q

genetic composition of an organism

A

Genotype

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24
Q

physical / expressed characteristics of an organism

A

Phenotype

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25
Q

random changes that occur naturally in DNA that occur during cell division

A

spontaneous mutations

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26
Q

refers to those mutations in the DNA induced by a chemical or physical agent

A

induced mutations

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27
Q

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide and genotype, but does not change the amino acid created or phenotype.

MOST COMMON TYPE

A

silent mutation

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28
Q

A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

A

missense mutation

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29
Q

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

A

nonsense mutation

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30
Q

protein cannot be made because it cuts the mRNA short

A

why is a nonsense mutation lethal?

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31
Q

the mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by removing or adding a base

A

frameshift mutation

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32
Q

the genes code for enzymes that catalyze reactions that result in characteristics

A

Genetics and metabolism are tied together by the fact that :

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33
Q

A person has brown eyes because:

A

enzymes catalyze reactions that produce products that are brown

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34
Q

radiation-x-rays, UV light

A

examples of physical mutagens

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35
Q
  • adjacent thymines cross link and create a thymine dimer
  • endonuclease cuts the dimer and exonuclease removes the dimer
  • DNA polymerase fills in the gap from the removed dimer
  • DNA ligase seals the remaining gap
A

what happens when UV light hits a gene?

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36
Q

pesticides, natural plant alkaloids, tobacco smoke, pollutants

A

examples of chemical mutagens

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37
Q

Marijuana is not a big ____ cancer contributor

A

lung

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38
Q

what is the greatest fear that teenage girls have about smoking?

A

wrinkles

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39
Q

what is the greatest fear that teenage boys have about smoking?

A

erectile dysfunction

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40
Q

A ___ ___ in specific genes in a single cell will initiate cancer

A

double mutation (DM)

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41
Q

a mutation that happens because it has more target to mutate from than a single mutation

A

double mutation

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42
Q

Lung cancer takes _____ to develop

A

20-30 years

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43
Q

When one is suffering from secondhand smoke, they still take in ____ and ____

A

inducers / promoters

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44
Q

the transfer of genetic material in bacteria that occurs in one direction

A

one way gene transfer

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45
Q

transformation
conjugation
transduction

A

types of one way gene transfer in bacteria

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46
Q

one organism must die and release DNA to the environment and DNA is taken up by a cell that is competent and expresses new characteristics

A

Transformation

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47
Q

an experiment carried out by Griffith using the heat-killed bacteria in mice to discover that a factor in heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria can “transform” harmless bacteria into ones that can cause disease

A

Griffith’s experiment

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48
Q

In genetic transformation in bacteria, the donor cell has to be ____ and recipient cell has to be _____

A

dead / alive

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49
Q

what bacteria does not perform genetic transformation?

A

E. coli

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50
Q

In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.

A

Conjugation

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51
Q

used for conjugation and randomly touches cells and pulls them into contact to create a mating bridge between the bacterial cells

A

sex pilus

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52
Q

F+ cell is the “___” cell
F- cell is the “___” cell

A

male (has pilus)
female (does not have pilus)

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53
Q

gram-positive conjugation was identified in _____
gram-positive conjugation has no ____ ____
gram-positive conjugation uses sex _____

A

Streptococci
sex pilus
pheromones

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54
Q

chemical signals released by an animal that influence the sexual behavior or physiological state of other individuals of the same species

A

sex pheromones

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55
Q

sex pheromones are expelled in ____

A

sweat

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56
Q

DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient via a bacteriophage

A

Transduction in bacteria

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57
Q

technology that combines genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule

A

Recombinant DNA technology

58
Q

enzyme that chemically links DNA fragments together

A

DNA ligase

59
Q

physical control
chemical control
antimicrobial control

A

3 ways to control microorganisms

60
Q

the killing or removal of all microorganisms from a given area

A

Sterilization

61
Q
  • heat
  • filtration
  • desiccation
  • radiation
  • osmotic pressure
  • low temperature
A

examples of physical methods of control

62
Q

most practical and efficient physical methods of control

A

heat

63
Q
  • autoclave
  • dry heat
  • incineration
  • boiling water
  • pasteurization
A

different heating methods of control

64
Q

121ºC, 15 psi, 15 minutes

A

Autoclave conditions

65
Q

how do you perform dry heat method?

A

oven

66
Q

Pasteurization is a combination of _____ ____ and ____

A

high temperature/time

67
Q

freeze drying; preservation

A

Lyophilization

68
Q
  • autoclave
  • dry heat (oven)
  • incineration
  • filtration
  • ionizing radiation
A

physical methods of sterilization

69
Q

The process of burning solid waste materials to reduce volume and mass, sometimes to generate electricity or heat

A

Incineration

70
Q

A process that separates materials based on the size of their particles.

A

Filtration

71
Q

enough energy to dislodge electrons from atoms, forming ions; capable of causing cancer (gamma, X-rays, UV)

A

ionizing radiation

72
Q
  • antiseptic
  • disinfectant
  • sanitizer
A

chemical methods of control

73
Q

chemical used topically to inhibit or destroy microorganisms

A

antiseptic

74
Q

a chemical used on non-living objects to inhibit or destroy microorganisms

A

disinfectant

75
Q

a chemical used to reduce bacterial numbers to a safe level according to public health requirements

A

Sanitizer

76
Q

-stasis / -static
means static - ___

-cide / -cidal
means: ___

A

inhibition; killing

77
Q
  • cell membranes
  • cellular proteins
A

Major targets of the Mechanism of Disinfectant Action

78
Q

ethanol is most effective at ____

A

70%

79
Q

the more concentrated chemical control agent, the ___ effective it is at controlling bacterial growth

A

more

80
Q

active ingredient in lysol

A

Cresol

81
Q

surfactants that physically flush organisms away

A

soaps and detergents

82
Q

An air pollutant that is a colorless chemical used to manufacture building materials and many household products that causes cancer

A

Formaldehyde

83
Q
  • autoclave
  • dry heat (oven)
  • incineration
  • filtration
  • ionizing radiation
  • ethylene oxide (carboxide)
A

methods of sterilization

84
Q

to destroy disease organisms without destroying the host

A

chemotherapy

85
Q

by products of metabolism used in chemotherapy

A

antibiotics

86
Q

Chemically-synthesized chemotherapeutic agents

A

not a true antibiotic but has the same effect (sulfonamides)

87
Q

Criteria for usefulness for antimicrobial control:
- _____ toxicity to host while destroying/inhibiting the disease organism
- host should not become _____
- disease organism should not become _____

A

low
allergic
resistance

88
Q

Major Action Modes of Antimicrobial Drugs:
1. Inhibition of cell ___ synthesis
2. Inhibition of ____ synthesis
3. Inhibition of ____ ___ replication and transcription
4. Injury to ___ ___
5. Inhibition of ____ ____ synthesis

A

wall
protein
nucleic acid
plasma membrane
essential metabolite

89
Q

antimicrobial that interferes with cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillin

90
Q

antimicrobial that interferes with with protein synthesis

A

Erythromycin

91
Q

antimicrobial that interferes with intact cell membrane

A

Polymyxin B

92
Q

antimicrobial that interferes with the metabolic synthesis
- not a true antibiotic bc it is chemically synthesized

A

Sulfanilamide

93
Q

antimicrobial that interferes with the nucleic acid synthesis
- Fluoroquinolone: drug of choice to treat anthrax

A

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

94
Q

examines the effect of different chemical agents against a specific bacterium

A

disk diffusion method

95
Q
  1. blocking entry
  2. inactivation by enzymes
  3. alteration of the target molecule (most common)
  4. efflux (throw out) of the antibiotic
A

4 types of antimicrobial resistance

96
Q

Measures to minimize antimicrobial resistance:
- avoidance of ____ use
- dose should be ____
- combination of antimicrobial agents

A

indiscriminate
high

97
Q

possible complications minimizing antimicrobial resistance

A
  • allergy
  • toxic side effects
  • destruction of normal flora
98
Q

microorganisms are present

A

contamination

99
Q

pathogenic microorganisms are in or on the body and they are multiplying (may or may not cause harm)

A

infection

100
Q

when microorganisms do harm to the host

A

disease

101
Q

disease organism is constantly in a certain geographic location (bubonic plague bacterium is always in the San Francisco Bay)

A

endemic

102
Q

relatively large number of cases of a disease develops in a community within a short time (flu on a college campus)

A

epidemic

103
Q

worldwide epidemic (AIDS / COVID)

A

Pandemic

104
Q

the ability of a microorganism to cause disease (very few microorganisms are this)

A

Pathogenicity

105
Q

measure of pathogenicity (some flu viruses are deadly and some are mild and just cause discomfort)

A

Virulence

106
Q

hospital acquired infection (8th leading cause of death in the USA) - normally 2 million people in the USA contract it and 20,000 die

A

nosocomial infection

107
Q
  • respiratory tract through nose and mouth
  • gastrointestinal tract through the mouth
  • skin and mucous membranes
  • genitourinary tract
  • blood
A

5 ways pathogens enter and leave the body

108
Q
  • capsules
  • fimbriae
  • exotoxins and enzymes
A

3 invasive mechanisms of bacteria

109
Q

prevent phagocytosis by white blood cells in the immune system

A

Capsules

110
Q

this bacteria without a capsule will not cause disease

A

S. pneumoniae

111
Q

some bacteria excrete toxins or enzymes that cause damage (killing, dissolving, coagulating) to the host cells

A

exotoxins and enzymes

112
Q

____ is NOT considered an invasive mechanism because the invading cell must die first to release ____. If the cell is dead, it cannot invade.

A

Endotoxin

113
Q
  • portal of entrance
  • virulence
  • ability to flourish outside of the body
  • vector
  • number of pathogens
A

5 factors in the development of disease

114
Q

The flu virus must get into the ____ tract to cause the flu

A

respiratory

115
Q

For inhalation anthrax, the critical number appears to be about _____ endospores. As few as 7 cells of the bacterium that causes _______ are required to cause disease.

A

20,000 / tularemia (rabbit fever)

116
Q

DNA directly participates in ____ and ____

A

replication / transcription

117
Q

a silent mutation is always a change in ___ ___ and sometimes a change in ____ ___

A

base sequence / amino acid

118
Q

product of translation

A

Polypeptide

119
Q

What requires a living donor and recipient cells?

A

conjugation

120
Q

occurs due to a mistake in packaging of DNA

A

transduction

121
Q

endospores have resistance to some levels of ionizing radiation because they are ____

A

dessicated

122
Q

membrane filtration does not necessarily remove ____

A

viruses

123
Q

cholera is normally transmitted via the ____ tract

A

Gastrointestinal

124
Q

the genetic code is made up of bases in ____ and codons that correspond to ___ ___

A

mRNA / amino acids

125
Q

key discovery that contributed to the development of genetic engineering

A

restriction enzymes

126
Q

genetic engineering very often uses what to move hybrid plasmids into cells

A

transformation

127
Q

one of the best disinfectants to use for a biological spill is

A

bleach

128
Q

example of mild antiseptic

A

hydrogen peroxide

129
Q

presence of non-multiplying bacteria in the blood

A

Bacteremia

130
Q

TB and leprosy are examples of

A

chronic infection

131
Q

comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects

A

acute infection

132
Q

normal sequence of events in living cells is

A

DNA codes for mRNA codes for protein

133
Q

anticodons are found in ____
codons are found in ____

A

tRNA
mRNA

134
Q

uptake and expression of naked DNA

A

transformation

135
Q

mutation that might result in response to UV light

A

silent mutation

136
Q

boiling water is not a method of sterilization because it cannot kill ____

A

endospores

137
Q

multiplying bacteria in the blood

A

septicemia

138
Q

Caffeine my interfere with ___ ___

A

DNA repair

139
Q

Pasteurization is designed to kill the organism that causes ____

A

TB

140
Q

useful way to sterilize food

A

ionizing radiation

141
Q

simplest non-heated method to sterilize a liquid is

A

filtration

MICROBIOLOGY (8 decks)

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