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lecture exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • obligate intracellular parasite
  • nonliving and is not made of cells
A

virus

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2
Q

only purpose of a virus is to _____

A

replicate

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3
Q

where can viruses only function?

A

inside a living cell

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4
Q
  • not cellular
  • can only replicate inside of a host cell
  • no ATP generating system
  • no ribosomes
  • contain only one nucleic acid
  • no metabolism
A

why are viruses not living?

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5
Q

A virus that infects bacteria

A

Bacteriophage

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6
Q

viruses are diverse in ___ and ___

A

size / morphology

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7
Q

does size correlate to severity of a virus?

A

no

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8
Q

what are viruses made of?

A
  • protein coat (capsid)
  • nucleic acid
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9
Q
  • made of capsomeres
  • protects the nucleic acid
  • responsible for the shape
A

capsid protein coat

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10
Q

all viruses have ____ ___ and one ___ ___
some viruses have an ____

A

protein coats / nucleic acid;
envelope

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11
Q

viruses whose capsids are not covered by an envelope

A

nonenveloped viruses

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12
Q

virus that contains additional layers around the nucleocapsid

A

enveloped virus

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13
Q
  • Animal Viruses
  • Plant Viruses
  • Bacterial Viruses (Bacteriophages or Phages)
A

Virus Specificity

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14
Q

the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells

A

Viral Replication

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15
Q

with a virus, the ____ ____ ____ causes damage and symptoms not the virus

A

immune system’s response

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16
Q

1) ATTACHMENT
2) PENETRATION
3) UNCOATING
4) BIOSYNTHESIS
5) late translation
6) MATURATION
7) RELEASE

A

steps of viral replication

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17
Q

in an enveloped virus, the envelope fuses with ___ ___ of the cell membrane of the host cell

A

lipid bilayer

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18
Q

what is the purpose of a virus?

A

to replicate more viruses

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19
Q

viruses release from the host cells by ____

A

budding

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20
Q

T4 bacteriophage is a very ____ virus and only infects ____

A

complex / E. coli B

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21
Q
  • animal cell has entire nucleic acid and coat in cell / bacteriophage only has a nucleic acid injected into a host cell
  • animal cell lysis may survive or die / bacteriophage always lyse and die
A

what are the 2 differences in bacteriophage viruses and animal cell viruses?

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22
Q

a state in which phage DNA is incorporated into the host cell without lysis

A

Lysogeny

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23
Q

the lytic cycle is ___
the lysogenic cycle is ___

A

common / rare

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24
Q

process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst

A

lytic cycle

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25
Q

a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell’s DNA and is copied along with the host cell’s DNA

A

lysogenic cycle

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26
Q

when a bacterium acquires a new trait from its temperate phage

A

lysogenic conversion

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27
Q

bacteria that release _____, _____, and ____ must be lysogenized in order to be able to produce the toxins

A

botulinum toxin / scarlet fever toxin / diphtheria toxin

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28
Q

in general, viruses do not produce _____

A

toxins

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29
Q

what is an oncogenic virus?

A

cancer-causing virus in animals

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30
Q

how do we control viral infections?

A
  • vaccines
  • antivirals
  • masks
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31
Q

small circular RNA molecules that infect plants and disrupt their growth
naked RNA

A

Viroids

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32
Q

potato spindle tuber disease

A

disease caused by viroids

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33
Q

infectious proteins

A

Prions

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34
Q

What does prion stand for?

A

proteinaceous infectious particle

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35
Q

how are prion diseases usually contracted?

A

eating prions in your diet

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36
Q

there are no treatment or cures for _____ diseases

A

prion

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37
Q

scrapie
Kuru
Chronic Wasting Disease
Mad Cow Disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

prion diseases

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38
Q

prion disease in sheep

A

Scrapie

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39
Q

Prion disease that infects humans (cannibalism - common in Papa New Guinea)

A

Kuru

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40
Q

prion disease in elk and deer

A

Chronic Wasting Disease

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41
Q

prion diseases in cattle
- cow brain (feeding cows w/ scrapie)

A

mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)

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42
Q

prion disease in humans (human variant of mad cow disease)

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

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43
Q

prions cause proteins to _____

A

misfold into infectious forms

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44
Q

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

A

Enzymes

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45
Q

all enzymes are ____ but not all ____ are enzymes

A

proteins

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46
Q

enzymes catalyze ____ reactions ONLY

A

sponataneous

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47
Q

A reaction that will proceed without any outside energy (proceed on its own)

A

spontaneous reaction

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48
Q

the region of an enzyme that attaches to a substrate

A

Active site of an enzyme

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49
Q

A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).

A

enzyme-substrate complex

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50
Q

nonprotein enzyme helpers required by some enzymes for activity

A

Cofactors

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51
Q

organic cofactor
- ex: vitamin B

A

coenzyme

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52
Q

the enzymatic activity increases with ____ temperature until the enzyme is ___ by heat and inactivated

A

increasing / denatured

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53
Q

optimal pH for enzymes

A

pH between 6 and 8

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54
Q

with increasing substrate concentration, the rate of the reaction ___ until the active sites on all enzymes are filled

A

increases

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55
Q

after an enzyme is denatured, can it become active again?

A

no

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56
Q

energy currency of the cell

A

ATP

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57
Q

PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) has ____ the amount of energy of ATP

A

twice

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58
Q

why is PEP (molecule in gylcolisis) not the energy currency of ATP?

A

it costs too much energy to make

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59
Q
  • carbon source (amino acids, CO2)
  • nitrogen source (amino acids, NH4, N2)
  • certain inorganic ions (MG2+, PO4 -3)
  • essential metabolites (vitamins)
  • water
A

nutrients that is required by the cell to produce

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60
Q

what bacteria can make every vitamin and nutrients that it needs to function?

A

E. coli

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61
Q

why is oxygen not a nutrient?

A

it is not broken down for energy or used in biosynthesis

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62
Q

what is the only reason our body needs oxygen?

A

as a final electron acceptor in metabolism

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63
Q

converting atmospheric molecular nitrogen into organic nitrogen compounds which can be used by many organisms

A

nitrogen fixation

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64
Q

is a protein a nutrient for a cell?

A

no they are too big to get into cells

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65
Q

proteins get nutrients from their breakdown products called

A

amino acids

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66
Q

how do we measure growth of microorganisms?

A

measure increase in numbers (exponential growth)

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67
Q

bacteria reproduces by ___ ___

A

binary fission

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68
Q
  • temperature
  • pH
  • oxygen
A

conditions for growth

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69
Q

when bacteria are in low temperatures, they grow ____

A

slowly or not at all

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70
Q

when bacteria are in high temperatures, proteins _____

A

denature

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71
Q

Aerobic

A

requires oxygen

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72
Q

Anaerobic

A

requires lack of oxygen

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73
Q

grow in the presence or absence of oxygen

A

facultative anaerobes

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74
Q

in the presence of oxygen, all organisms produce ____ which is deadly

A

superoxide

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75
Q

aerobe organisms produce ___ ___ to get rid of superoxide (O2-)

A

superoxide dismutase

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76
Q

Counting the number of cells while looking through a microscope

A

direct microscopic count

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77
Q

what is a disadvantage to using direct microscopic count?

A

you count all cells including dead ones

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78
Q

method that dilutes cells to singular colonies to make it easier to count

A

dilution and plating count method

79
Q

when using the dilution and plating count method, you want to measure an agar plate with less than ___ colonies but more then ___ colonies

A

300 / 30

80
Q

in the dilution and plating count method, individual colonies arose from ___ ___

A

1 cell

81
Q

most convenient counting method that uses a spectrophotometer to count cells

A

Turbidity measurements

82
Q

in the dilution and plating count method, aerobic bacteria are found ____ the agar and anaerobic bacteria are found ____ the agar

A

on top of / inside

83
Q

in turbidity measurements, the more bacteria that are present the ____ percentage of light

A

lower

84
Q

lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, death phase

A

Bacterial growth curve phases

85
Q

phase of a “flat” period of adjustment, enlargement; little growth

A

lag phase

86
Q

The period of exponential growth of bacterial population.

A

log phase

87
Q

phase in which a period of equilibrium occurs ; microbial deaths balance production of new cells

A

stationary phase

88
Q

phase in which population is decreasing at a logarithmic rate

A

death phase

89
Q

sum of all chemical reactions in a cell

A

Metabolism

90
Q

about _____ metabolic reactions in a cell are POSSIBLE

A

1000-2000

91
Q

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

A

Catabolism

92
Q

Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.

A

Anabolism

93
Q

any chemical change in which one species is oxidized (loses electrons) and another species is reduced (gains electrons); also called redox reaction

A

oxidation-reduction reaction

94
Q

oxidized

A

loses electrons

95
Q

reduced

A

gains electrons

96
Q

in biological x, what is typically removed from an organic molecule?

A

H atoms

97
Q

the key to all metabolism because it carries the energy

A

electron

98
Q

obtain energy from chemicals

A

Chemotrophs

99
Q

An organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon.

A

Chemoheterotrophs

100
Q

An organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances.

A

Chemoautotrophs

101
Q

Chemoheterotrophs with oxygen as final electron acceptor are ____

A

Most animals, fungi, protozoa, many bacteria

102
Q

Chemoheterotrophs with organic compound as final electron acceptor is ____

A

fermentative

103
Q

Chemoheterotrophs with inorganic compound as final electron acceptor is ____

A

electron transport chain

104
Q

Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances.

A

Phototrophs

105
Q

Energy from sunlight, carbon from organic compounds

A

Photoheterotrophs

106
Q

An organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide.

A

Photoautotrophs

107
Q

Photoautotrophs that use water to reduce CO2 are ___ ___

A

oxygenic photosynthesis

108
Q

Photoautotrophs that do not use water to reduce CO2 are____ ___

A

anoxygenic photosynthesis

109
Q
  • substrate-level phosphorylation
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • photophosphorylation
A

methods of ATP generation

110
Q

The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

111
Q

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

A

oxidative phosphorylation

112
Q

The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

A

Photophosphorylation

113
Q

the majority of CO2 is produced in the ___ ___

A

Krebs cycle

114
Q

every carbon in glucose is oxidized to ____

A

CO2

115
Q

respiration can be ____ or ____

A

aerobic / anaerobic

116
Q
  • final electron acceptor is not present
  • organism may be missing enzyme in Krebs cycle
A

why wouldn’t a molecule go into respiration?

117
Q

____ is missing an enzyme in the kreb’s cycle which does not allow it to go through respiration

A

streptococcus

118
Q

what are the end products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvic acid / 2 NADH / 2 ATP

119
Q
  • glucose enters cell and 2 ATP go in and 2 ADP come out
  • Glucose molecule is split into 2 3-carbon molecules (G3P)
  • Electrons are transferred to NAD+ to make NADH
  • 2 ADP go in and 2 ATP come out
  • Produces pyruvic acid
A

glycolysis steps

120
Q

final electron acceptor in fermentation

A

pyruvic acid

121
Q
  • regenerate NAD+
  • getting rid of pyruvic acid by converting it to fermentation end products
A

2 accomplishments of fermentation

122
Q

the fermentation end product of streptococcus, lactobacillus, and bacillus

A

lactic acid

123
Q

the fermentation end product of saccharomyces (yeast)

A

ethanol and CO2

124
Q

in 1914, Chaim Weizmann discovered process by which microbes produce

A

acetone and butanol

125
Q

important in production of cordite (a smokeless form of gunpowder)

A

acetone

126
Q

what molecule has the highest energy in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH

127
Q

which molecule has the most amount of energy in metabolism?

A

glucose

128
Q

anaerobic respiration has a ____ ____ energy produced than aerobic respiration and fermentation has ____ ___ energy

A

little less / alot less

129
Q

where does most of the energy come from in cellular respiration?

A

proton motive force

130
Q

1) electrons from NADH
2) electron transport chain (out of the cell with high concentration of H+)
3) H+ on outside of cell go through proton pump and ATP synthase back into the cell
4) ATP is created from ATP synthase

A

steps of chemiosmosis

131
Q

most protons are used to make ATP, but some are used to do work directly like …

A
  • bring AA into cell
  • force drives the flagella
132
Q

cyanide binds at _____ and blocks the electron transport chain process and die

A

cytochrome a3

133
Q

proteins/ amino acids can enter the cycle at ____, ____, or ___

A

glycolysis / acetyl CoA / Kreb’s cycle

134
Q

lipids can enter the cycle at ____ or ___

A

glycolysis, kreb’s cycle

135
Q

carbohydrates enters the cycle at ____ and go through entire metabolic pathway

A

glycolysis

136
Q

Core metabolic pathway

A

glycolysis and the kreb’s cycle

137
Q

core metabolic pathways DOES NOT INCLUDE ____

A

the electron transport chain

138
Q

if only ____ glucose in the metabolic pathway, it will be taken out in glycolysis

A

1

139
Q

during glycolysis, glucose is _____ and electrons are removed that go to _____ and reduce to ____

A

oxidized / NAD+ / NADH

140
Q

during glycolysis, ATP is made through _____

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

141
Q

in fermentation, there is ___ ___ ____ and ___ is regenerated by donating electrons to _____ ____ to form end products

A

no electron acceptor / NAD+ / pyruvic acid

142
Q

when the final electron acceptor is present, every carbon in glucose is oxidized to ___ in the ____ ___

A

CO2 / krebs cycle

143
Q

in kreb’s cycle, ATP is produced during ___ ___ ___ and removes electrons that go to ___ and ____

A

substrate-level phosphorylation / NADH / FADH2

144
Q

end products of the kreb’s cycle

A

CO2 / ATP / NADH / FADH2

145
Q

electrons in respiration are transferred to electron transport chain by ___ and ____

A

NADH / FADH2

146
Q

when O2 is final electron acceptor it is _____ respiration
when sulfate, nitrate, or sulfur is final electron acceptor it is _____ respiration

A

aerobic / anaerobic

147
Q

is streptococcus weaker because it produces less energy in fermentation than it would in respiration?

A

NO

148
Q

what can happen under anaerobic conditions with a final electron acceptor?

A

more energy is produced then fermentation but not as much energy as produced in aerobic conditions

149
Q

proteins that make up the capsid

A

capsomeres

150
Q

viral budding has to do with ____ viruses

A

enveloped

151
Q

clostridium botulinum produces a toxin because it contains a ___

A

prophage

152
Q

prions are ___ ___ proteins

A

altered brain

153
Q

enzyme activity ____ ___ at temperatures below and greater than optimal temperature

A

slows down

154
Q

Organisms that grow in warm temperatures (37 degrees C)

A

Mesophiles

155
Q

E. coli is a _____ while most Archaea are ____

A

Chemoheterotrophs / chemoautotrophs

156
Q

one purpose of fermentation is to ____ pyruvic acid

A

reduce

157
Q

NAD+ is a ____

A

coenzyme

158
Q

fermentation uses an ____ final electron acceptor

A

organic

159
Q

E. coli predominantly carries out ___ respiration

A

aerobic

160
Q

the fate of pyruvic acid in an organism that uses anaerobic respiration

A

it is ultimately oxidized in the kreb’s cycle

161
Q

viral envelopes are derived from the ___ ___ of the host cell

A

cell membrane

162
Q

when an animal DNA virus infects a cell DNA replication takes place ___ the host cell

A

inside

163
Q

lysogeny sometimes results in the host cell producing ____

A

toxins

164
Q

optimal grow temperature in bacterium is most closely related to the optimal temperature for _____

A

functioning of enzymes

165
Q

disadvantage of dilution and plate counting method

A

may not count aerobes buried in the agar

166
Q

stationary growth phase is achieved because??

A

cells run out of nutrients and end products build up

167
Q

when lactic acid is converted into pyruvic acid, NADH is formed through ____

A

reduction

168
Q

microorganisms that are relatively deep below the earth’s surface

A

chemoautotrophs

169
Q

organisms that eat decaying organic matter

A

Chemoheterotrophs

170
Q

streptococcus gets its energy from _____ and ferments ___ ___

A

glycolysis / lactic acid

171
Q

phosphorylation is the ____ of a phosphate to a molecule

A

addition

172
Q

catabolism involves ___ and ____ reactions

A

oxidation / reduction

173
Q
  • substrate concentration
  • acidity/alkalinity
  • temperature
A

3 factors enzyme activity is influenced by

174
Q

nitrogen fixation may one day put an end to what?

A

world hunger

175
Q

microorganism that prefers a temperature of 20 C and can cause food spoilage at refrigeration temperatures

A

pyschotroph

176
Q

oxidation in biological systems typically do what?

A

removes hydrogen atoms

177
Q

microorganism that can “eat” sulfur (inorganic compound)

A

chemoautoroph

178
Q

majority of organisms on earth and most common type of life

A

chemoautotrophs

179
Q

humans and e.coli are ___

A

chemoheterotrophs

180
Q

chemiosmosis/proton motive force relies on an ____ ____

A

intact membrane

181
Q

some fermenting bacteria can only produce ___ fermentation product

A

1

182
Q

the reason we do not use enzymes to convert the lead to gold is that the conversion is not ____

A

spontaneous

183
Q

which categories of nutrients includes amino acids?

A
  • essential metabolites
  • carbon source
  • nitrogen source
184
Q

Organisms that grow in extremely high temperatures (90 degrees C)

A

Hyperthermophiles

185
Q

cold loving bacteria

A

Psychrophiles

186
Q

NADH is a coenzyme and electron ____

A

donor

187
Q

the COMPLETE oxidation of glucose results in ___

A

CO2

188
Q

The energy to drive protons out through the bacterial cell membrane comes from ____

A

electrons

189
Q

the negative effects of viruses on an animal host are usually associated with what 2 things?

A

Effects of the immune system and/or cell lysis following replication

190
Q

organism that can use the Kreb’s cycle and can make fermentation products

A

facultative anaerobes

191
Q

which bacterium made Chase Weizmann famous?

A

Clostridium

192
Q

which types of phosphorylation require electron transport chains?

A

oxidative phosphorylation / photophosphorylation

193
Q

what organism can respire aerobically and anaerobically and carry out fermentation?

A

E. coli

194
Q

lactic acid converting to pyruvic acid is a _____ reaction

A

reduction

MICROBIOLOGY (8 decks)

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