lab practical 1

Question 1

a spherical bacterium

Answer 1

coccus

Question 2

rod-shaped bacteria

Answer 2

bascillus

Question 3

a spiral-shaped bacterium

Answer 3

spirillum

Question 4

visible mass of cells

Answer 4

colony

Question 5

putting bacteria into a medium

Answer 5

innoculation

Question 6

bacteria used in endospore staining

Answer 6

B.cereus

Question 7

resting caused by lack of nutrients

Answer 7

endospore

Question 8

• resistance to heat, radiation, acids & chemicals
• production of calcium dipicolinate
• cell dehydration
• spores can be destroyed in an autoclave

Answer 8

endospores

Question 9

Differentiate between vegetative cells & endospores

Answer 9

endospore staining

Question 10

protective protein coat of endospore

Answer 10

exosporium

Question 11

endospore stain and coutnerstain

Answer 11

-malachite green
-counterstain: safranin

Question 12

Waxy lipid, makes cells not permeable to most stains.

Answer 12

mycolic acid (acid fast)

Question 13

primary stain in acid fast is

Answer 13

Carbolfuchsin
- stains acid-fast bacteria pink

Question 14

Counterstain in acid-fast is

Answer 14

methylene blue
- stains non-acid-fast bacteria blue

Question 15

decolorizer for acid fast staining

Answer 15

acid alcohol

Question 16

bacteria used in acid-fast staining

Answer 16

mycobacterium smegmatis and stapholococcus

Question 17

color of mycobacterium in acid fast stain

Answer 17

pink because they are acid fast

Question 18

color of staph aureus in acid-fast stain

Answer 18

methylene blue bc they are non-acid fast

Question 19

establish the difference between acid-fast & non-acid fast cells (differential stain)

Answer 19

acid-fast staining

Question 20

• E.coli
• P.aeruginosa
• S.aureus

Answer 20

3 bacteria in the pure culture technique

Question 21

• morphology
• arrangement
• internal structures

Answer 21

Good smears are important to observe

Question 22

Two types of morphology

Answer 22

bacilli: rods
cocci: spherical

Question 23

Two types of arrangements

Answer 23

staph: cluster
strep: chain

Question 24

invented by christian gram to identify between bacteria and eukarya cells

Answer 24

gram staining

Question 25

gram staining primary stain

Answer 25

crystal violet

Question 26

gram staining mordant stain

Answer 26

gram's iodine

Question 27

gram staining decolorization

Answer 27

ethyl alcohol

Question 28

gram staining counter stain

Answer 28

safranin

Question 29

monotrichous flagella

Answer 29

one flagella

Question 30

lophotrichous flagella

Answer 30

cluster of flagella at one pole

Question 31

peritrichous flagella

Answer 31

flagella all over

Question 32

amphitrichous flagella

Answer 32

flagella at both poles

Question 33

located under the stage collects and directs the light from the lamp to the slide being studied

Answer 33

condenser

Question 34

Regulates the amount of light on the specimen

Answer 34

diaphragm (within condenser)

Question 35

sides of microscope and used to bring objects into focus (up and down)

Answer 35

coarse adjustment knob and fine adjustment knob

Question 36

After the crystal violet and iodine have been added to the slide

Answer 36

both gram +/- are purple

Question 37

After alcohol has been added to the slide

Answer 37

gram + stays purple, but gram - is colorless

Question 38

After safranin is added to the slide

Answer 38

gram + remains purple, gram - turns pink/red

Question 39

how long do we store pure culture for

Answer 39

48 hours

Question 40

at what temperature do we store pure culture at

Answer 40

37 degrees C

Question 41

how many times do you go through a flame for heat fixing

Answer 41

3 times

Question 42

- way to distinguish bacteria cells from eukaryotic cells - first test used to identify an unknown species of bacteria - differential stain based on cell wall structure composition

Answer 42

why is gram staining important?

Question 43

bind crystal violet in gram-positive cells; insoluble

Answer 43

gram's iodine

Question 44

Answer 44

diplococci

Question 45

Answer 45

staphylococci

Question 46

Answer 46

streptococci

Question 47

Answer 47

chain of bacilli

Question 48

Answer 48

spirilla

Question 49

Answer 49

spirochaetes

Question 50

what method is pictured

Answer 50

quadrant streak plate method

Question 51

what is labeled A

Answer 51

endospore

Question 52

what is labeled B

Answer 52

free spores

Question 53

what is labeled C

Answer 53

vegetative bacterial cells

Question 54

pure culture techniques: E.coli

Answer 54

white; found in feecle matter - gram negative - rod shaped

Question 55

pure culture techniques: P.aeruginosa

Answer 55

translucent green; found in environment - gram negative - rod shaped

Question 56

pure culture techniques: S.aureus

Answer 56

yellow; found on the body - gram positive - cocci

Question 57

what technique is pictured

Answer 57

pour plate (dilution)

Question 58

endospore staining: vegetative cells will be ____ & endospores will be ____

Answer 58

pink; green

Question 59

high heat & high pressure

Answer 59

autoclave

Question 60

determination of a bacteriophage titer: organisms

Answer 60

E. Coli B & T4

Question 61

viruses infecting bacteria cells "bacteria eater"

Answer 61

bacteriophage

Question 62

- are obligate intracellular parasites - have to invade a host cell to replicate and reproduce - lack any metabolic machinery and protein sythesis

Answer 62

bacteriophage

Question 63

single viral particle

Answer 63

virion

Question 64

- infects E. Coli B exclusively - lyric infection - productive infection - ability is used in phage typing of pathogens

Answer 64

T4 bacteriophage

Question 65

number of produced virion

Answer 65

burst size

Question 66

bacterial growth

Answer 66

confluent lawn

Question 67

clearing of bacteria in a lawn due to lysis

Answer 67

plaques

Question 68

determined by counting plaques' number of viral particles

Answer 68

plaque forming units (PFUs)

Question 69

motility determination: organisms

Answer 69

bacillus cereus & Klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 70

what causes bacterial motility

Answer 70

- occurs in rod- and spiral- shaped bacteria - almost never occurs in cocci - flagella (movement in response to chemotaxis)

Question 71

true movement from point A to B

Answer 71

chemotaxis

Question 72

is caused by current movement under the cover glass - caused by molecules bombarding cells - results in "juggling" motion

Answer 72

brownian motion

Question 73

- filament - hook - shaft - gram positive bacteria: MS ring - gram negative bacteria: MS, L & P - basal body - proton motive force induces MS ring rotation

Answer 73

flagellum components

Question 74

amphilophostrichous flagella

Answer 74

a lot of flagella at both ends